决篇第十一
一、 原文抄写
凡决物,必托于疑者。善其用福,恶其有患。善至于诱也,终无惑偏。有利焉,去其利,则不受也。奇之所托,若有利于善者,隐托于恶,则不受矣,致疏远。故其有使失利者,有使离害者,此事之失。
二、查字、正音
1、凡、甲骨文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image002.gif、file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image004.gif是象形字,字形像在方形的重物file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image006.gif四周连接了四根手柄file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image008.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1028">。金文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image010.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1029">承续甲骨文字形。篆文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image012.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1030">严重变形,形象难辨。造字本义:名词,多人共同使用的四柄夯地桩。隶书file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image014.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1031">继续变形。多柄夯具file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image002.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1032">叫“凡”;众人喊着统一的号子、用“凡”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image002.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1033">夯地叫“同”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image016.gif。
2、决、“决”是“決”的异体字。夬,既是声旁也是形旁,是“玦”的本字,表示中断、分别。決,篆文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image018.giffile:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image019.giffile:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image021.gif(水,洪水)file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image022.giffile:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image024.gif(夬,即“玦”的本字,中断),表示洪水将堤岸冲出口子。隶化后楷书file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image026.gif将篆文字形中的“水”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image021.gif写成“三点水”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image028.gif' border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1042">,将篆文字形中的“夬”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image024.gif写成file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image030.gif。楷书异体字“决”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image032.gif,将正体楷书字形中的“三点水”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image028.gif简写成“两点水”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image034.gif。造字本义:动词,大水冲裂堤岸。古籍多以两点水的“决”代替三点水的“決”。
3、物、勿,既是声旁也是形旁,是“刎”的本字,表示用刀宰杀,刀刃溅血。物,甲骨文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image036.giffile:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image019.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1049">file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image038.gif(牛,头部长角、体型粗壮的力畜)file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image022.giffile:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image040.gif(勿,血溅刀刃),表示用刀杀牛。金文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image042.gif将甲骨文字形中的“刀”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image044.gif和三点血滴file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image046.gif' border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1055">连写成“勿”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image048.gif。篆文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image050.gif承续金文字形。造字本义:动词,杀牛。隶化后楷书file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image052.gif将篆文字形中的“牛”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image054.gif' border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1059">写成file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image056.gif,将篆文字形中的“勿”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image058.gif写成file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image060.gif' border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1062">。在中国古代传说中,地上的一切都是神牛下凡造成的,所以用“牛”指代“物”,用“牛”指代一切。杀牛为“物”,解牛为“判”。
4、托、“乇”是“托”的本字。乇,甲骨文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image062.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1063">是象形字,是方向朝上的“力”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image064.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1064">,表示手向上用力托举。篆文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image066.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1065">为了将字形区别于“七”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image068.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1066">,在手臂file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image070.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1067">顶端另加一撇指事符号file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image071.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1068">。当“乇”成为单纯字件后,楷书file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image073.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1069">再加“手”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image075.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1070">另造“托”代替,强调手的动作。造字本义:动词,用手掌向上用力持举物品。古籍多以“托”代替“乇”。古籍有时假借“托”代替“讬”。《汉字简化方案》以“托”合并“讬”。
5、善、羊,既是声旁也是形旁,通“祥”,表示安祥。善,甲骨文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image077.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1071">file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image019.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1072">file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image079.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1073">(羊,通“祥”)file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image022.giffile:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image081.gif(双目,眼睛),表示眼神安祥温和,所谓“慈眉善目”。有的甲骨文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image083.gif双眼file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image081.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1077">写成file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image085.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1078">。有的甲骨文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image087.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1079">将一双眼睛file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image081.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1080">写成file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image089.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1081">和file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image091.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1082">。有的甲骨文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image093.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1083">将一双眼睛file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image094.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1084">file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image095.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1085">省略成一只眼睛file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image097.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1086">。金文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image099.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1087">file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image019.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1088">file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image101.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1089">(羊,即“祥”)file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image022.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1090">file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image103.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1091">(两个“言”),表示言语祥和亲切。篆文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image105.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1092">承续金文字形。造字本义:形容词,神态安祥,言语亲和。隶化后楷书file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image107.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1093">将篆文字形中的“羊”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image109.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1094">写成file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image111.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1095">,将篆文字形中的两个“言”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image113.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1096">写成“艹”加“口”的file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image115.gif。
6、用、“用”是“桶”的本字。用,甲骨文、金文字形极其多样丰富,绝大多数字形像某种器具。甲骨文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image117.gif是指事字,字形在“止”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image119.gif(即“趾”的本字,借代脚板)的字形上加一竖指事符号file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image121.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1100">,表示供人洗脚的水桶。有的甲骨文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image123.gif将“止”形file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image119.gif写成file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image125.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1103">。有的甲骨文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image127.gif将“止”形file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image119.gif写成file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image129.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1106">。有的甲骨文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image131.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1107">将“止”形file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image119.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1108">写成file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image133.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1109">。有的甲骨文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image135.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1110">写成有提手的桶形。金文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image137.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1111">、篆文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image139.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1112">承续甲骨文字形。造字本义:名词,供人盛水洗脚的木桶。隶书file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image141.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1113">对篆文字形进行较大变形,写成“冂”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image143.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1114">加“file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image145.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1115">”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image147.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1116">的三包围结构。当“用”的“木桶”本义消失后,篆文再加“木”另造“桶”代替。由于洗脚是睡前卫生、保暖养生的日常必须,“用”从“洗脚木桶”的名词本义,引申出“行使、消费、施行”等动词含义,表示日常行为。
7、福、畐,既是声旁也是形旁,是“酉”的变形,表示酒坛。福,甲骨文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image149.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1117">file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image019.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1118">file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image151.gif(示,祭祀)file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image022.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1120">file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image153.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1121">(又,巫师的动作)file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image022.giffile:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image155.gif(酉,酒坛)file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image022.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1124">file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image157.gif(双手,奉持),表示巫师手奉美酒,祭祀祈祷。有的甲骨文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image159.gif省去双手file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image157.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1127">,将“示”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image151.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1128">写成file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image161.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1129">,将“酉”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image155.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1130">写成“畐”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image163.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1131">。金文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image165.gif将将甲骨文字形中的“示”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image151.gif写成file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image167.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1134">,将甲骨文字形中的“畐”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image163.gif写成file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image169.gif。篆文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image171.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1137">误将金文字形中的酒坛形“畐”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image163.gif写成file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image173.gif。造字本义:动词,用美酒祭神,祈求富足安康。隶书file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image175.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1140">将篆文字形中的“示”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image177.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1141">写成file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image179.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1142">,将篆文字形中的“畐”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image173.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1143">写成file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image181.gif。从甲骨文字形看远古祖先的幸福观,“幸”为帝王所赐,是临死获赦而活着;“福”为上苍所赐,是神佑而富足安康。
8、患、串,既是声旁也是形旁,表示从内部连贯在一起。患,金文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image183.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1145">file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image019.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1146">file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image185.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1147">(宀,房屋)file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image022.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1148">file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image187.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1149">(像疼痛皱眉的病人)file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image022.giffile:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image189.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1151">(双手),表示为家中的病人按摩、抚慰。籀文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image191.giffile:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image019.giffile:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image193.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1154">(门,代表室内)file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image022.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1155">file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image195.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1156">(卄,皱眉的形象)file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image022.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1157">file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image197.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1158">(心,忧虑),表示古人因某种可怕的疾病躺在家里痛苦皱眉。篆文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image199.gif另造会义兼形声的字形:file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image199.giffile:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image019.giffile:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image201.gif(串,从内部连贯在一起)file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image022.giffile:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image203.gif(心,忧虑),表示家人生病,亲人同感忧虑。造字本义:动词,生病卧床,居家疗养,亲人忧虑。隶书file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image205.gif将篆文字形中的file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image203.gif写成file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image207.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1167">。
9、诱、誘,籀文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image209.giffile:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image019.giffile:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image211.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1170">(羊,美好)file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image022.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1171">file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image213.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1172">(人),表示将人向善引导。篆文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image215.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1173">加“厶”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image217.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1174">(代婴幼),表示引导幼儿。有的篆文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image219.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1175">file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image019.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1176">file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image221.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1177">(言,说)file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image022.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1178">file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image223.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1179">(秀,漂亮),表示用好话吸引和引导孩子;或file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image225.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1180">file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image019.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1181">file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image227.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1182">(言,说)file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image022.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1183">file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image229.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1184">(即“循”,渐进),表示耐心渐进地引导孩子。造字本义:动词,用好话吸引孩子,一步步开导孩子。隶化后楷书file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image231.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1185">将篆文字形中的file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image221.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1186">写成file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image233.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1187">,将篆文字形中的file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image223.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1188">写成file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image235.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1189">。《汉字简化方案》中的简体楷书“诱”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image237.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1190">,依据类推简化规则,将正体楷书字形中的“言”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image233.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1191">简化成“讠”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image239.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1192">。
10、终、“冬”是“终”的本字。冬,甲骨文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image241.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1193">为象形字,像在纪事的绳子file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image243.gif的两端打结file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image245.gif(参见“系”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image247.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1196">),表示记录终结。有的甲骨文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image249.gif将实心的绳结file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image245.gif写成空心的小圈file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image251.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1199">,突出“终结”形象。金文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image253.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1200">将两端的绳结移到中间。当file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image241.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1201">的“终结”本义消失后,有的金文写成会义字:file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image255.giffile:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image019.giffile:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image257.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1204">(终结)file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image022.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1205">file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image258.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1206">(日,时间),表示一个纪时周期的结束,即年终的季节。籀文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image260.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1207">将金文字形file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image253.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1208">中的两个绳结相连成直线,写成与“牢”相似的字形。有的籀文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image262.gif承续金文字形file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image255.gif。篆文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image264.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1211">省去籀文字形中的“日”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image258.gif,同时加“仌”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image266.gif(冰),突出年终下霜结冰的季候特征。当“冬”的“终结”本义消失后,篆文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image268.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1214">再加“纟”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image270.gif(结绳)另造“终”代替。造字本义:动词,一个结绳纪事主题的完成。隶化后楷书file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image272.gif将篆文字形中的写成file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image274.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1217">,将篆文字形中的写成file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image276.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1218">。《汉字简化方案》中的简体楷书“终”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image278.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1219">,依据类推简化规则,将正体楷书字形中的“糹”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image274.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1220">简化成“纟”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image280.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1221">。古人根据四季的特征与节奏,总结出天人合一、顺其自然的养生之道:春生,夏长,秋收,冬藏。
11、受、舟,既是声旁也是形旁,表示运输的船只。受,甲骨文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image282.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1222">file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image019.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1223">file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image284.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1224">(两只手file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image286.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1225">,表示运送与接收)file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image022.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1226">file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image288.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1227">(舟,两岸间运送货物的工具),表示用船只在两岸间运送。金文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image290.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1228">承续甲骨文字形。篆文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image292.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1229">误将金文字形中的“舟”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image294.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1230">写成“冂”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image296.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1231">。造字本义:动词,用船只往返两岸,为隔岸的人运送物品。隶书file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image298.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1232">将篆文字形中的“爪”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image300.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1233">写成file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image302.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1234">,将篆文字形中的file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image304.gif' align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1235">写成file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image306.gif。“受”的“输送”本义消失后,篆文再加“手”另造“授”。
12、使、“史”是“使”的本字;“吏”、“事”与“史”同源。史,甲骨文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image308.giffile:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image019.giffile:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image310.gif(中,四方与他国毗邻、地处诸国之间的国家)file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image022.giffile:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image311.gif(又,执、持),表示大使手持旌节护照,出使他国。远古时代以族旗或国旗为跨界出行的护照。简体甲骨文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image313.gif将国旗“中”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image310.gif简写成file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image315.gif,导致字形晦涩。有的简体甲骨文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image317.gif则进一步将国旗“中”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image315.gif简化成file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image319.gif。繁体金文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image321.gif承续繁体甲骨文字形。简体金文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image323.gif、篆文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image325.gif承续简体甲骨文字形。当“史”的动词本义“出使”消失后,篆文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image327.gif加“人”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image329.gif(受派遣官员)另造“使”代替,强调外交官员的职责。造字本义:动词,外交官手持旌节护照,奉命与邻国谈判,记录划定的国界,完成传之后世的文件。隶化后楷书file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image331.gif将篆文字形中的“人”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image329.gif写成“单人旁”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image333.gif,将篆文字形中的“吏”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image335.gif align=middle border=0 v:shapes="_x0000_i1256">写成file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image337.gif。作为动词“外交官出国谈判”时,古籍多以“使”代替“史”。
三、翻译
为人处世,凡出谋划策决断事物,必是心中有疑难之事。善于决断就会带来福利,不善于决断就会带来祸患。作出决断前要先诱导出对方的实情,行动起来就不会有疑惑和偏颇。为对方决断要对其有利,如果对方不能有利就不会接受,这要借助于奇计的使用。如果决断总体上有利于对方,但暗地里对其有所损害,对方也不会接受,反而会使双方的关系疏远。所以,作出决断而不能使对方获益,甚至使对方遭受祸患,都是决断失误的表现。
四、理解联想事例
当机立断
五、今日提问
权术权事,谋术谋人。权术指出,善权者,权个听聪智明;谋术指出,善谋人者,谋个同情相亲。因事而谋人,人事两思量,方案成。方案行,计谋不两忠,损益不两全,非祸即福,非福即祸,决策就显得弥足珍贵。今天的经文定义了决术的操作边界——“有使失利者,有使离害者,此事之失”。提请大家思考的问题是:决术操作的基本准则是什么?
没有两全其美的决策,凡决物,必托于疑者。