内揵 第六天
一、原文抄写
策而无失计,立功建德。治名入产业,曰揵而内合。上暗不治,下乱不寤,揵而反之。内自得而外不留,说而飞之。若命自来,己迎而御之。若欲去之,因危与之。环转因化,莫知所为,退为大仪。
二、查字、正音
1、功,工,既是声旁也是形旁,表示巧妙用力的器械。功,金文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image002.giffile:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image003.giffile:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image005.gif(工,巧具)file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image006.giffile:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image008.gif(力,使劲),表示利用器械,巧妙发力。篆文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image010.gif将金文字形中的“力”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image008.gif写成file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image012.gif。造字本义:动词,运用器械,巧妙发力,武术制敌。隶书file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image014.gif将篆文字形中的“力”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image012.gif写成file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image016.gif。2、夫,夫,甲骨文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image018.gif是指事字,字形在“大”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image020.gif(成人)的头部加一横指事符号file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image022.gif,代表发簪。金文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image024.gif承续甲骨文字形。古人认为须发是父母所赐,不可剪除,因此年纪越大头发越长;也因此发簪成为成年男子所必需。篆文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image026.gif基本承续金文字形。造字本义:名词,系束头发、并用发簪固定头发的成年男子。古人以束发、加冠为男子的成年仪式:男子15至16岁束发,标志着告别童少时期,成为合法公民,国家可以征用;男子20岁加冠,表示成年,可以婚配。隶书file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image028.gif承续篆文字形。
2、建,建,甲骨文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image030.giffile:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image003.giffile:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image032.gif(凵,柱洞)file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image006.giffile:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image034.gif(三点,代表泥沙)file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image006.giffile:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image035.gif(才,房柱与横梁,借代房架)file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image006.giffile:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image037.gif(丮,即“执”的本字,抓持)file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image006.giffile:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image038.gif(止,即“趾”的本字,脚板),表示众人七手八脚地合力将房柱立于柱洞后,为柱洞填土加固,在房柱上架上横梁,搭起新房的骨架。金文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image040.giffile:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image003.giffile:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image042.gif(“爪”的变形,抓持)file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image006.giffile:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image044.gif(午,即“杵”的本字)file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image006.giffile:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image045.gif(廾,双手持握)file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image006.giffile:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image046.gif(土,土墙或地板)file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image006.giffile:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image048.gif(丮,即“执”的本字,抓持),表示众人参与的筑墙夯地的造屋活动,file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image050.gif表示双手持握file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image045.gif杵棒file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image044.gif夯地file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image046.gif。简体金文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image052.gif省去“爪”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image042.gif、“丮”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image048.gif,并用file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image054.gif代替繁体金文字形中的“土”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image046.gif,“阜”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image056.gif表示山地,一横表示地面墙基,将“午”的file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image044.gif写成file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image058.gif,并误将表示双手执杵的字形file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image060.gif写成“聿”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image062.gif。有的简体金文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image064.gif则误将山地开凿的地面墙基file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image054.gif写成“辵”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image066.gif。篆文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image068.gif将金文字形中的“辵”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image066.gif写成由“彳”变形的file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image070.gif。造字本义:动词,立柱架梁,筑墙造房。隶化后楷书file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image072.gif将篆文字形中的“聿”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image074.gif写成file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image076.gif,将篆文字形中的“建字底”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image070.gif写成file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image078.gif。
3、德,彳,既是声旁也是形旁,是“得”的省略,表示获取、获得。德,甲骨文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image080.giffile:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image003.giffile:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image082.gif(彳,即“得”的省略,获取、获得)file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image006.giffile:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image084.gif(直,正而不邪,正派),表示得之正直,获之坦荡。繁体甲骨文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image086.gif用“行”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image088.gif代替“彳”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image082.gif。金文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image090.gif将甲骨文字形中的“直”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image084.gif写成file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image092.gif。繁体金文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image094.gif加“心”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image096.gif,强调“获之坦荡、问心无愧”的含义。篆文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image098.gif将金文字形中的file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image100.gif写成file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image102.gif,将金文字形中的“心”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image096.gif写成file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image104.gif。造字本义:动词,正而不邪,行君子之道,即不狠不诈、不掠不盗、不强取苛求,坦然获得,无愧于心。隶化后楷书file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image106.gif将篆文字形中的“彳”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image108.gif写成file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image110.gif,将篆文字形中的file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image112.gif写成file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image114.gif。在道家思想中,“道”代表自然律,是道家世界观的核心;“德”代表顺应自然律的法则,是道家方法论的核心。古籍中“德”与“得”有时因同音而相互假借。
4、治,治,篆文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image116.giffile:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image003.giffile:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image118.gif(水,洪汛)file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image006.giffile:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image120.gif(台,通“臺”,土石堆筑的坝堤),表示筑堤防洪。造字本义:动词,开凿水道,修筑堤坝,疏水防洪。隶书file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image122.gif将篆文字形中的“水”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image118.gif写成“三点水”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image124.gif,将篆文字形中的“台”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image120.gif写成file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image126.gif。5、义,“義”是“儀”的本字。義,甲骨文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image128.giffile:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image003.giffile:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image130.gif(羊,即“祥”的本字,祭祀占卜显示的吉兆)file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image006.giffile:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image132.gif(我,有利齿的戌,威猛战具),表示吉兆之战。金文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image134.gif、篆文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image136.gif承续甲骨文字形。篆文异体字file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image138.giffile:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image003.giffile:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image140.gif(羊,即“祥”的本字,祥和)file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image006.giffile:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image142.gif(弗,休战),表示休战和平,表达“道义”的另一层含义。造字本义:名词,出征前的隆重仪式,祭祀占卜,预测战争凶吉;如果神灵显示吉兆,则表明战争是仁道、公正的,神灵护佑的仁道之战。隶化后楷书file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image144.gif将篆文字形中的“羊”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image145.gif写成file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image147.gif,将篆文字形中的“我”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image149.gif写成file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image151.gif。《汉字简化方案》另造指事字“义”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image153.gif,在“乂”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image155.gif(割、杀)上加一点指事符号file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image157.gif,表示杀得有理、杀得正当。当“義”的“仪式”本义消失后,篆文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image159.gif再加“人”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image161.gif另造“儀”代替,表示程式庄严的典礼。“意”,指个人的心思、想法,强调的是个体性和主观性;“義”,原指扬善惩恶的天意,后引申为公认的道德、真理、公认的文字内涵,强调的是普遍性和客观性;“意义”,指个人愿望与世间公理。
5、名,名,甲骨文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image163.giffile:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image003.giffile:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image165.gif(口,叫喊)file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image006.giffile:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image167.gif(夕,黄昏、冥暮),表示天黑时呼叫孩子回家。金文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image169.gif将甲骨文的左右结构改成上下结构。有的金文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image171.gif将甲骨文字形中的“夕”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image167.gif写成月牙形的file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image173.gif;有的金文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image175.gif将甲骨文字形中的“夕”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image167.gif写成file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image177.gif。篆文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image179.gif承续金文字形。造字本义:动词,日落天黑,父母招唤孩子。隶书file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image181.gif将篆文字形中的“夕”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image183.gif写成file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image185.gif。古代有一定文化背景的男子,在成年后为自己的“名”作近义的“注解”补充或“说明”,叫作“字”;大部分底层百姓有“名”无“字”。在古代,父母对未成年子女在口头上的称呼叫作“名”,有如今日之“小名”与“昵称”,用于日常非正式社交场合,为贱称;file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image186.gif子女成年后为其设计的书面称呼叫“字”,有如今日之“大名”与“户籍名”,用于各种文件和正式社交场合,为尊称;“名”与“字”是同一对象的两个称呼,“字”是对“名”的解释或补充;今人所说的“名字”,相当于古人所说的“字”。file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image186.gif
7、产,産,金文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image188.giffile:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image003.giffile:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image190.gif(“彦”的省略,即“谚”,古谚,表示狩猎、农耕经验)file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image006.giffile:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image192.gif(生,草木萌发),表示依据农谚耕作庄稼。篆文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image194.gif将金文字形中的“生”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image192.gif写成file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image196.gif。造字本义:动词,古人利用农谚耕种作物。隶化后楷书file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image198.gif误将篆文字形中的“彦”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image200.gif写成“产”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image202.gif,将篆文字形中的“生”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image196.gif写成file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image204.gif。《汉字简化方案》中的简体楷书“产”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image206.gif,省去正体楷书字形中的“生”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image204.gif。
8、曰,既是声旁也是形旁,表示说唱、倾诉。樂,甲骨文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image208.giffile:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image003.giffile:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image210.gif(丝,丝弦)file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image006.giffile:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image212.gif(木,架子,琴枕),字形像木枕上系着丝弦的琴具。金文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image214.gif承续甲骨文字形。繁体金文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image216.gif加”曰“file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image217.gif(说唱、抒情),强调伴随着丝弦的演奏歌唱抒情,同时也以“曰”为“樂”的声旁。篆文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image219.gif将金文字形中的“曰”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image217.gif写成“白”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image221.gif。造字本义:动词,边弹边唱,和着琴声的节奏歌唱。隶化后楷书file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image223.gif将篆文字形中的“丝”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image225.gif写成file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image227.gif,将篆文字形中的“白”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image221.gif写成file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image229.gif,将篆文字形中的“木”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image231.gif写成file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image233.gif。《汉字简化方案》中的简体楷书“乐”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image235.gif,依据草书字形file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image237.gif整体简化。
9、业,業,金文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image239.giffile:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image003.giffile:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image241.gif(辛,刑具)file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image006.giffile:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image243.gif(去,出门劳作),表示在严酷监督下劳作。有的金文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image245.gif省去“口”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image247.gif,加“大”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image248.gif(人),表示众多劳作的人。籀文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image250.gif省去金文的“大”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image251.gif,将file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image253.gif写成file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image255.gif,误将“大”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image257.gif写成“火”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image259.gif。篆文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image261.gif则误将籀文中的“火”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image259.gif写成“木”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image263.gif。造字本义:动词,奴仆在严酷管理下艰辛劳作。隶化后楷书file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image265.gif继承篆文字形。《汉字简化方案》中的简体楷书“业”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image267.gif,省去正体楷书下部的file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image269.gif。
10,计,十,既是声旁也是形旁,表示巨大数量。計,金文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image271.giffile:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image003.giffile:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image273.gif(午,疑为对“十”的误写)file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image006.giffile:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image275.gif(言,说话、商谈),表示大量的商谈。篆文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image277.gif将金文字形中的“言”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image275.gif写成file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image279.gif,将金文字形中的“午”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image273.gif写成“十”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image281.gif。造字本义:动词,众人七嘴八舌地商议、谋划。篆文隶书file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image283.gif将篆文字形中的“言”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image284.gif写成file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image286.gif。《汉字简化方案》中的简体楷书“计”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image288.gif,依据类推简化规则,将正体楷书字形中的“言”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image290.gif简写成“讠”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image292.gif。
11、上,“丄”是“上”的异体字。上,甲骨文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image294.gif是特殊指事字,字形由两横构成,底端一横file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image296.gif较长,顶端的一横file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image298.gif较短。古人用一横file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image300.gif代表混沌太初状态;用两横file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image302.gif(二,由两个“一”组成,两横一样长)代表从混沌太初中分化出来的、相并列的天与地。古人调整表示天与地、等长的两横file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image303.gif,以短横方向表示朝天、或朝地的方向。甲骨文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image294.gif将表示“天”的顶端横线写得较短,表示天、或朝天的方向;甲骨文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image305.gif将表示“地”的底端横线写成得较短,表示地、或朝地的方向。金文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image307.gif承续甲骨文字形。繁体金文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image309.gif为了在字形上区别于数目字“二”,在两横file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image311.gif之间再加一竖指事符号file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image313.gif,表示纵的方向。篆文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image315.gif承续繁体金文字形。造字本义:名词,与地相对的天。隶书file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image317.gif承续金文字形。籀文异体字“丄”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image319.gif综合两款金文字形file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image321.gif、file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image309.gif,将金文字形顶端file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image321.gif的短横的短横file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image298.gif写成竖线file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image313.gif。古籍多以“上”代替“丄”。“上”的本义为天,“下”的本义为地。
12、暗,音,既是声旁也是形旁,是“黯”的省略,表示颜色深黑。暗,篆文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image323.giffile:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image003.giffile:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image325.gif(日,天色)file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image006.giffile:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image327.gif(音,即“黯”,颜色深黑),表示天色深黑。造字本义:形容词,日暮天黑,完全无光。隶化后楷书file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image329.gif将篆文字形中的“音”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image327.gif写成file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image331.gif。太阳西沉为“昏”;完全天黑为“暗”。
13、乱,“𤔔”是“亂”的本字;而“𤔐”是“𤔔”的异体字。𤔔,金文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image333.giffile:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image003.giffile:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image335.gif(上下两只手相配合,精细操作)file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image006.giffile:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image337.gif(缠绕在织机上的交错丝线),表示两只手相互配合,精细操作,理顺交织在织机file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image339.gif上的混乱丝线file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image341.gif,以便持续纺织。当“𤔔”的本义消失后,金文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image343.gif再加“乙”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image345.gif(不打结的顺滑丝线)另造“亂”代替。篆文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image347.gif承续金文字形。造字本义:动词,手工理顺织机上交错混杂的丝线。隶书file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image349.gif将篆文字形中的“𤔔”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image351.gif写成file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image353.gif。俗体隶书“file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image354.gif”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image356.gif将篆文字形中由爪file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image357.gif、糸file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image358.gif、工file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image360.gif、又file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image361.gif所构成的“𤔔”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image351.gif省略成“爪”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image363.gif(抓持、操作),强调“手动”理顺混杂或打结的丝线。隶化后楷书file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image365.gif将篆文字形中的“爪”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image357.gif写成file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image366.gif,将篆文字形中的file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image368.gif写成file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image370.gif,将金文字形中的“又”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image361.gif写成双手“廾”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image371.gif。魏碑中的俗体楷书“乱”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image373.gif误将正体楷书字形中的“𤔔”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image375.gif当作“辭”的省略,并用“舌”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image377.gif代替简化“辭”,表示辩、讼双方所陈虚实难断,头绪混杂不清。古籍多以“亂”代替“𤔔”和“𤔐”。《汉字简化方案》中的简体楷书“乱”采用俗体楷书字形。
14、寤,吾,既是声旁也是形旁,是“悟”的省略,表示因深度自觉而通透的灵感。寤,籀文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image379.giffile:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image380.giffile:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image382.gif(冖,房屋)file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image383.giffile:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image385.gif(梦)file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image383.giffile:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image387.gif(吾,“悟”),表示在家中睡觉时通过梦境而获得灵感顿悟。篆文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image389.gif将籀文字形中的“冖”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image382.gif写成“宀”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image391.gif,将籀文字形中的“梦”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image385.gif简化成“爿”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image393.gif(床)。造字本义:动词,在睡梦中获得灵感顿悟。隶化后楷书file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image395.gif将篆文字形中的file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image391.gif写成file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image397.gif,将篆文字形中的file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image399.gif写成file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image401.gif。古籍有时假借“寤”代替“悟”。
15、反,“反”是“扳”的本字。反,甲骨文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image403.giffile:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image003.giffile:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image405.gif(厂,石崖)file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image006.giffile:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image407.gif(又,抓),表示攀岩、攀崖。金文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image409.gif承续甲骨文字形。繁体金文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image411.gif加“彳”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image413.gif(行进),强调攀岩登山的含义。籀文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image415.gif、篆文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image417.gif承续简体金文字形。造字本义:动词,攀岩翻山。隶书file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image419.gif将篆文字形中的“又”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image421.gif写成file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image423.gif。当“反”的本义消失后,再加“手”另造“扳”代替。
16、留,卯,既是声旁也是形旁,表示钩住、连住。留,金文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image425.giffile:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image003.giffile:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image427.gif(卯,连住)file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image006.giffile:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image429.gif(田,庄稼地),表示人口与田地紧密相连。有的金文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image431.gif调整成上下结构。篆文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image433.gif将金文字形中的“卯”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image427.gif写成file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image435.gif。造字本义:动词,农人依恋赖以生息的田地,在故土长住不迁徙,即使遭灾遭荒也不肯背井离乡。隶书file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image437.gif将篆文字形中的“卯”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image435.gif写成“吅”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image439.gif。俗体楷书file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image441.gif依据草书字形file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image443.gif将正体楷书的“吅”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image445.gif还原成“卯”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image447.gif。
17、飞,飛,金文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image449.gif是象形字,字形像鸟儿振动双翅file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image451.gif的样子。籀文字形file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image453.gif画出翔鸟的完整形象,鸟头鸟身file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image455.gif和振翔的双翅file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image457.gif。篆文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image459.gif将籀文字形中的鸟头鸟身file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image455.gif简化成file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image461.gif。有的篆文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image463.gif省去表示鸟头鸟身的file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image461.gif,并将左右对称的双翅file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image457.gif写成上下重叠的双翅file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image463.gif。造字本义:动词,鸟儿振翅翱翔。隶化后楷书file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image465.gif将篆文字形的双翅file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image463.gif写成file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image467.gif。《汉字简化方案》中的简体楷书“飞”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image469.gif,用单翅代替篆文字形file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image470.gif的双翅,即简体楷书字形file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image469.gif是篆文字形中一支羽毛file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image472.gif的变形。“飞”是鸟儿振翅翱翔,“翱”、“翔”、“翻”、“翩”是对“飞”的不同姿态的具体描绘。
18、迎,卬,既是声旁也是形旁,表示仰视。迎,篆文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image474.giffile:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image003.giffile:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image476.gif(辵,行进)file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image006.giffile:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image478.gif(卬,仰视),表示上前仰视接客。造字本义:动词,仰面上前接待,以示敬重和热情。隶化后楷书file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image480.gif将篆文字形中的“辵”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image476.gif写成“走之底”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image482.gif,将篆文字形中的“卬”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image478.gif写成file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image484.gif。
19、危,危,甲骨文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image486.giffile:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image003.giffile:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image488.gif(像悬崖)file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image006.giffile:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image490.gif(像坠石),表示悬崖坠石。有的甲骨文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image492.gif、file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image494.gif将坠石形象file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image490.gif繁化为file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image496.gif、file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image498.gif。金文另造会义字:file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image500.giffile:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image003.giffile:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image502.gif(人,登山者)file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image006.giffile:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image504.gif(厂,崖岩)file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image006.giffile:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image506.gif(巳,即“人”的变形),表示人在崖顶,担心坠崖;人在崖下,担心坠石。篆文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image508.gif承续金文字形。造字本义:形容词,人在高崖或崖下而害怕,担心自身坠崖或坠石。隶化后楷书file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image510.gif将篆文字形中的“人”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image512.gif写成file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image514.gif;将篆文字形中的“厂”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image516.gif写成file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image518.gif;将篆文字形中的“巳”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image520.gif写成file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image522.gif。
20、环,瞏,既是声旁也是形旁,是“圜”的本字,表示回望、转着圈看。環,金文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image524.giffile:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image003.giffile:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image526.gif(王,玉)file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image006.giffile:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image528.gif(睘,转着圈看),表示圆形玉圈。有的金文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image530.gif写成两个圈file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image532.gif。篆文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image534.gif将金文字形中的“瞏”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image528.gif写成file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image536.gif。造字本义:名词,穿孔、可以套戴转玩的圈状美玉。隶化后楷书file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image538.gif将篆文字形中的“瞏”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image536.gif写成file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image540.gif。《汉字简化方案》中的简体楷书“环”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image542.gif,依据草书字形file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image544.gif,将正体楷书的“睘”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image540.gif大幅度简化成“不”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image546.gif。
21、转,“専”(专)是“轉”(转)的本字。専(専),甲骨文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image548.gif像手转file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image550.gif纱轮file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image552.gif。当“専”的“转轮”本义消失后,金文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image554.gif再加“車”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image555.gif另造“轉”(转)代替。篆文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image557.gif承续金文字形。造字本义:动词,让轮子飞旋、滚动。隶化后楷书file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image559.gif将篆文字形中的file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image561.gif写成file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image563.gif,将篆文字形中的file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image565.gif写成file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image567.gif。《汉字简化方案》中的简体楷书“转”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image569.gif,依据类推简化规则,将正体楷书字形中的“車”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image563.gif简化成“车”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image571.gif,将正体楷书字形中的file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image567.gif简化成file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image573.gif。
22、化,甲骨文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image575.giffile:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image003.giffile:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image577.gif(一个头朝上站立的“人”)file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image006.giffile:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image579.gif(一个头朝下入土的“人”),表示由生到死的改变。金文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image581.gif误将甲骨文字形中头朝下的“人”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image579.gif写成“匕”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image583.gif。篆文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image585.gif承续金文字形。造字本义:动词,由昂首挺立到向下入土,即自然死亡。隶化后楷书file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image587.gif将篆文字形中的“人”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image588.gif写成“单人旁”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image590.gif,将篆文字形中的“匕”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image592.gif写成file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image594.gif。中医称固体食物从撑胃到变成流质的过程为“消”;称流质在肠道被吸收、合成养分的过程为“化”。
23,因,囗,既是声旁也是形旁,是甲骨文“file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image595.gif”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image597.gif(xí)的省略;甲骨文“file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image595.gif”是“𠩛”的本字,而“𠩛”是“席”的本字。因,甲骨文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image599.giffile:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image003.giffile:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image601.gif(“file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image595.gif”的省略,是“𠩛”即“席”的本字)file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image006.giffile:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image603.gif(大,成人,休息者),表示人在席上休息。金文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image605.gif承续甲骨文字形。篆文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image607.gif将甲骨文字形中的“大”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image603.gif写成file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image609.gif。造字本义:动词,坐或躺在席子上,以阻隔或减缓地面湿气对身体健康的损害。隶化后楷书file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image611.gif将篆文字形中的“大”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image609.gif写成file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image613.gif。
24,仪,“義(义)”是“儀(仪)”的本字。義,甲骨文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image614.giffile:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image003.giffile:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image616.gif(羊,祥,吉兆)file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image006.giffile:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image617.gif(我,武器,借代战争),表示吉兆之战。金文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image619.gif承续甲骨文字形。当“義”的“仪式”本义消失后,篆文file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image159.gif再加“人”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image621.gif另造“儀”代替,表示程式庄严的典礼。造字本义:名词,出征前的隆重仪式,祭祀占卜,预测战争凶吉;如果神灵显示吉兆,则表明战争是仁道、公正的,为神灵福佑的。《汉字简化方案》中的简体楷书“仪”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image623.gif,依据类推简化规则,以“义”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image625.gif代替“義”file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image627.gif,“乂”表示杀戮,“乂”加一点,表示公正顺天的战争。
三、翻译
揣测并施用计谋没有失策的,就能立功建德。处理好上下关系,出谋划策得到回应,里应外合。如果上级昏庸不明,下级没有理清自己的头绪,那就要重新考虑一下改变计策。如果上级自有主见听不进别人的意见,那么就夸到他飞起来,等他飘飘然再控制他。如果是上级主动,那么就迎合对方从而控制对方。如果实在不得不离开,那是因为关系处理上有了危机。任凭己方婉转迂回仍不能改变,掌控和改变不了局面,理解不了对方的所作所为,那就三十六计,走为上计。
四、理解联想事例
1、合则留,不合则去,三十六计,走为上计;
2、明哲保身,抽身趁早。