子君《三略》读书笔记
来了开工。
本书阅读进度按照字数规划，大致每天100-200字，加上消化整理用时，共计安排两个月（8周）时间。2023年2月19日开始。
参加者需要按照指定进度和分享要求完成分享作业（周为单位）和群内讨论，未完成作业或参加讨论者，按规则考核：3次不按要求完成论坛分享和群内讨论，便取消继续参加的资格并扣除全部保证金不退还。
考核细则：
1.阅读第一阶段的任务内容：每天安排100-200字，对当天的原文段落做不少于10个字的本义查阅，背诵和文义翻译。
2.当天24点前，本义查阅、文义翻译都做在各自的作业本中，迟提交、未提交至论坛《三略》的个人作业本，均视为1次未完成。
3.当天24点前，背诵录音需上传到微盘“精读《三略》背诵”的个人文件夹里，迟提交、未提交至此，均视为1次未完成。
4.群讨论自主，提倡积极发言讨论。一周内至少有1次非作业复制的群内分享讨论。1次发言都没有的，计为1次未完成。
5.当天任意一项或多项作业未完成，计为1次未完成。包括群讨论在内，一周内总共有3次作业未完成则计为本周未完成。累计有3周未完成，则取消继续参加的资格并扣除全部保证金不退还。
第一周第三天
2023.2.21【原文】
《军谶》曰：“能柔能刚，其国弥光；能弱能强，其国弥彰；纯柔纯弱，其国必削；纯刚纯强，其国必亡。”
夫为国之道，恃贤与民。信贤如腹心，使民如四肢，则策无遗。所适如支体相随，骨节相救；天道自然，其巧无间。军国之要，察众心，施百务。
【作业】
1. 查阅字词本义不少于10个字。
2. 翻译文义。
3. 背诵并上传录音。
一、查字
1. 光：光，甲骨文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020739379994.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020739993626.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020739882197.png（火炬）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020739884772.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020739206132.png（人，奴仆、侍者），字形像蹲跪着的人https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020739206132.png擎着火炬https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020739882197.png，高过头顶。金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020739508601.png将火炬https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020739882197.png简化成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020739392789.png。有的金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020739915519.png将火炬https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020739392789.png进一步抽象化。篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020739583569.png略有变形。造字本义：名词，古代提供照明的、由奴隶手举的火把。隶书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020739926951.png将篆文字形中的“火”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020739245186.png变形为https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020739551529.png，将篆文字形中的“人”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020739196369.png变形为https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020739309281.png。2. 彰：“章”是“彰”的本字。章，金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105208528350.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105208521205.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105208438304.png（辛，带木柄的刻刀）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105208443929.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105208739647.png（囗，木、石的圆形横截面），表示用刻刀https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105208438304.png在圆形的木、石横截面https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105208739647.png上刻划姓名或标识性的文字，沾上红色印泥后，可以印在高级文件或书画作品的结尾位置，作为个人特有地位或身份的醒目标识。有的金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105208441055.png在圆圈https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105208739647.png内加一横指事符号，将圆形的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105208739647.png写成“日”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105208749052.png，表示在圆形的木、石横截面上刻划图文。有的金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105208122456.png加“又”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105208310174.png（抓持），强调手持https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105208310174.png刻刀https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105208414058.png在或圆或方的木、石截面https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105208519219.png上刻划姓名、称号等文字。当“章”的动词本义“刻印标识身份”消失后，金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105208677930.png再加“彡”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105208466193.png（印泥的醒目红彩）另造“彰”代替。篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105208386750.png基本承续金文字形。造字本义：动词，在圆柱形的木、石截面上刻划姓名、称号等文字，沾上红色印泥，印在高级文件或书画作品的结尾位置，在白纸黑墨的文件背景上，以红色印痕突显个人的姓名或身份。隶化后楷书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105208412641.png将篆文字形中的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105208346006.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105208348725.png。
3. 纯：甲骨文、金文“純”假借“屯”字https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105732224049.png（生根发芽），表示自然、简单的原生状态。金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105732233273.png加“丝”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105732407876.png另造“純”代替。篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105732459464.png承续金文字形。造字本义：名词，未染色的、自然状态的蚕丝。隶化后楷书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105732881523.png将篆文字形中的“糸”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105732522128.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105732238724.png，将篆文字形中的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105732280526.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105732660267.png。《汉字简化方案》中的简体楷书“纯”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105732773902.png，依据类推简化规则，将正体楷书字形中的“糹”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105732238724.png简化成“纟”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105732448459.png。
4. 削：肖，既是声旁也是形旁，表示相像。削，篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105723474390.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105724342165.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105724711021.png（肖，相像）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105724246298.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105724510067.png（刀，刮切、剔刻），表示用刀具刮切、剔刻，以仿造出形似的某物。造字本义：动词，用刀在物体表面刮切、剔刻，使所加工之物与仿造物相象。隶化后楷书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105724473155.png将篆文字形中的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105724711021.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105724486461.png，将篆文字形中的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105724510067.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105724812504.png。
5. 恃：寺，既是声旁也是形旁，即“持”，表示拥有。恃，古鈢https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104717944820.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104717210567.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104717517015.png（心，心理）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104717363843.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104717368506.png（寺，即“持”的省略，拥有），表示内心有所操持。篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104717413466.png承续古鈢字形。造字本义：动词，心里有所依仗。隶化后楷书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104717961788.png将篆文字形中的“心”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104717463922.png写成“竖心旁”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104717268215.png，将篆文字形中的“寺”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104717563388.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104717699035.png。
6. 贤：“臤”是“賢”的本字。臤，甲骨文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111122343752.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111122706755.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023343949450.png（臣，官吏）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111122327167.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111122958513.png（又，抓持，把控），表示管理官吏。金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111122375213.png承续甲骨文字形。当“臤”作为单纯字件后，金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111122380835.png再加“貝”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111122536284.png（钱财，借代国家或地方政府的财政）另造“賢”代替，表示管理官吏与财政。篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111122222480.png承续金文字形。造字本义：形容词，德才超群，善于管理人才与财政，富国强民。隶化后楷书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111122324165.png将篆文字形中的“臤”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023343547289.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111122574423.png，将篆文字形中的“貝”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111122544691.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111122469569.png。《汉字简化方案》中的简体楷书“贤”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111122931000.png，依据类推简化规则，将正体楷书字形中的“臤”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111122574423.png简化成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111122747749.png，将正体楷书字形中的“貝”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111122469569.png简化成“贝”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111122560252.png。古籍多以“贤”代替“臤”。古人称大臣善于管理组织为“贤”，称女子心灵手巧为“惠”。
7. 与：与，篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104837104242.png是指事字，字形在“匕”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104837242396.png（食勺）上加一点指事符号https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104837688686.png，表示用勺子添食。造字本义：动词，用食勺为别人添食。隶化后楷书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104837940555.png将篆文字形中的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104837242396.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104837731889.png。《汉字简化方案》用“与”合并代替“與”。
8. 信：“信”是“訫”的异体字。心，既是声旁也是形旁，表示内心、真情。信，金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/4/1/20220401015521218686.gifhttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023207393263.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/4/1/20220401015532635450.gif（言，说话）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023207481455.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/4/1/20220401015543587718.gif（心，内心真情），表示说真心话（https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/4/1/20220401015543587718.gif是“心”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/4/1/20220401015553328599.gif的竖写）。金文异体字https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/4/1/20220401104823971102.gif用“千”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/4/1/20220401104903676225.gif（数量巨大）代替“心”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/4/1/20220401015543587718.gif，表示用千言万语保证自己所说话语的真实可靠。有的金文异体字“㐰”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/4/1/20220401104805882681.gif用“人”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/4/1/20220401104937550428.gif代替“千”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/4/1/20220401104903676225.gif，用“口”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/4/1/20220401104953623315.gif代替“言”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/4/1/20220401015532635450.gif。篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/4/1/20220401110222832891.gif综合两款金文字形，将金文字形中的“人”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/4/1/20220401104937550428.gif写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/4/1/20220401110309257067.gif，将金文字形中的“言”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/4/1/20220401015532635450.gif写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/4/1/20220401110318346689.gif。造字本义：动词，许诺，发誓。隶化后楷书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/4/1/20220401110328362957.gif将籀文字形中的“人”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/4/1/20220401110309257067.gif写成“单人旁”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/4/1/20220401110336931828.gif，将籀文字形中的“言”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/4/1/20220401110318346689.gif写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/4/1/20220401110343483594.gif。古籍多以“信”代替“訫”和“㐰”。古籍常“诚信”并称，“诚”表示实现诺言，说到做到，侧重表达个人自律修养；“信”表示言而有衷，真诚可靠，侧重表达社交中的诺言责任。
9. 使：“史”是“使”的本字；“吏”、“事”与“史”同源。史，甲骨文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/4/21/20210421031750356944.gifhttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023411867008.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/4/21/20210421031759930292.gif（中，四方与他国毗邻、地处诸国之间的国家）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023411410422.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/4/21/20210421031806645145.gif（又，执、持），表示大使手持旌节护照，出使他国。远古时代以族旗或国旗为跨界出行的护照。简体甲骨文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023411961985.png将国旗“中”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/4/21/20210421031759930292.gif简写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023411646788.png，导致字形晦涩。有的简体甲骨文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023411384154.png则进一步将国旗“中”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023411646788.png简化成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023411387225.png。繁体金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/4/21/20210421031834529739.gif承续繁体甲骨文字形。简体金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/4/21/20210421031855715172.gif、篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/4/21/20210421031906515100.gif承续简体甲骨文字形。当“史”的动词本义“出使”消失后，篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/4/22/20210422021220297317.gif加“人”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/4/22/20210422021237540413.gif（受派遣官员）另造“使”代替，强调外交官员的职责。造字本义：动词，外交官手持旌节护照，奉命与邻国谈判，记录划定的国界，完成传之后世的文件。隶化后楷书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/4/22/20210422022608568254.gif将篆文字形中的“人”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/4/22/20210422021237540413.gif写成“单人旁”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/4/22/20210422022638864967.gif，将篆文字形中的“吏”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/4/22/20210422021734313094.gif写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/4/22/20210422022646384947.gif。作为动词“外交官出国谈判”时，古籍多以“使”代替“史”。
10. 适：啻，既是声旁也是形旁，表示最高话语权。適，金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111042259153.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111042433601.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111042849444.png（帝，即“啻”的省略，最高话语权）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111042986214.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111042243417.png（辵，前行），表示尊令而行。篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111042658269.png将文字字形中的“帝”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111042849444.png写成“啻”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111042459091.png，将金文字形中的“辵”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111042243417.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/9/29/20220929024711632672.gif。造字本义：动词，古代诸侯国按最高人才标准精选出的贡士，遵令往赴中央朝廷。隶化后楷书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111042349283.png将篆文字形中的“啻”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111042459091.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111042897966.png，将篆文字形中的“辵”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/9/29/20220929024711632672.gif写成“走之底”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111042930885.png。《汉字简化方案》中的简体楷书“适”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111042649337.png，依据类推简化规则，将正体楷书字形中的“啻”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111042897966.png简化成“舌”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111042742272.png。
11. 支：“支”是“枝”的本字。竹，既是声旁也是形旁，表示一种主干轻而有韧性的植物。支，籀文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023710297099.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023710269842.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023710325721.png（“竹”的上下结构写法，像断开的竹子）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023710311458.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023710708591.png（又，抓），表示从整根竹子中截取一段作为拄杖。竹子由于其空心的结构，而产生重量轻、韧性强的特点，适宜作山野路途的临时柱杖，撑持身体，平衡重心，以减轻崎岖山路上上下下时的腰膝负担。篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023710697401.png省去籀文字形https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023710297099.png中下端的半个“竹”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023710807688.png。造字本义：动词，山路旅行者用竹杖撑持身体，平衡重心。隶书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023710721831.png误将篆文字形中的半个“竹”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023710255141.png写成“十”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023710293089.png。当“支”的“竹杖、竹条”义项消失后，篆文再加“木”另造“枝”代替。
12. 救：求，既是声旁也是形旁，表示力图、努力实现。救，金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111538846631.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111538952606.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111538227783.png（求，力图、努力实现）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111538955607.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111538243527.png（攴，持械打击），表示极力打击。篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111538657291.png承续金文字形。造字本义：动词，极力打击，力图阻止。隶书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111538164118.png将篆文字形中的“求”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111538461754.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111538379305.png，将篆文字形中的“攴”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111538516426.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111538708674.png。
13. 巧：丂，既是声旁也是形旁，甲骨文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111111142327.png像有握柄的吹管或号角。巧，篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111111983545.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111111655199.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111111118589.png（工，灵便多用的匠具）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111111452614.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111111649864.png（丂，报警、传令的吹管或号角），表示富于智慧的匠具和号角。造字本义：名词，高度智慧所创造的劳动、通讯工具。隶化后楷书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111111269234.png将篆文字形中的“丂”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111111649864.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111111923464.png。
14. 要：妟，既是声旁也是形旁，是“晏”的本字，表示在晴天丽日伴女游玩。要，甲骨文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104923937005.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104923141310.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104923771375.png（妟，在晴天丽日伴女游玩）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104923400215.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104923956872.png（双手，表示邀请），表示邀约女伴游玩。金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104923546470.png将甲骨文字形中的“妟”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104923771375.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104923707166.png，强调受邀女子的美目。篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104923375586.png误将金文字形中的“妟”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104923707166.png写成“交”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104923834352.png，表示女子姿势的优美。造字本义：动词，邀女游玩，讨其欢心。隶书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104923289499.png将金文字形中的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104923500781.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104923469272.png。有的隶书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104923744132.png则将https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104923469272.png简化成“西”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104923635259.png，以致字形面目全非。
15.柔： 矛，既是声旁也是形旁，表示带锋的木枪。柔，篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101021740835018.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101021740182401.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101021740830803.png（矛，带锋头的木枪）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101021740285388.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101021740714489.png（木，枪杆），表示矛枪的木柄。造字本义：名词，富有弹性、适宜作矛枪长柄的木材。隶化后楷书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101021740844354.png将篆文字形中的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101021740830803.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101021740567887.png，将篆文字形中的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101021740714489.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101021740257278.png。
附一 文言版《説文解字》：柔，木曲直也。从木，矛聲。
附二 白话版《说文解字》：柔，糅扳木条，使之由曲变直。字形采用“木”作边旁，采用“矛”作声旁。
16.刚：“岡”是“剛”的简体字；而“罡”是“岡”的异体字。网，既是声旁也是形旁，表示捕猎工具。剛，甲骨文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105835601000.png、https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105835813638.png、https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105835356727.png、https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105835679488.png等字形结构多样化，字件包括：网https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105835503296.png（捕杀）、刀https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105835885815.png（砍杀）、矢https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105835307733.png（射杀）、幸https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105835683812.png（锁押）、钺斧https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105835905704.png（劈杀），都表示远古祖先行猎或作战的果敢、勇毅表现。甲骨文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105835601000.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105835635567.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105835503296.png（网，猎捕工具）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105835994202.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105835885815.png（刀，猎具或兵器）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105835994202.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105835307733.png（矢，猎具或兵器），表示手持刀箭和捕网，行猎或征战，强悍无畏。金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105835102738.png将甲骨文字形https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105835601000.png中的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105835278503.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105835772121.png，将甲骨文字形https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105835356727.png中的钺斧https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105835905704.png写成似“戉”而似“山”的字形https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105835809786.png。篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105835535795.png误将金文字形中似“戉”而似“山”的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105835809786.png写成明确的“山”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105835615715.png。造字本义：动词，持网持刀，挥钺搭箭，猎兽、追凶或杀敌，强悍坚定，勇敢无畏，尽显大丈夫气概。隶化后楷书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105835558542.png将篆文字形中的“岡”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105835838032.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105835533015.png，将篆文字形中的“刀”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105835589799.png写成“立刀”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105835458874.png。《汉字简化方案》中的简体楷书“刚”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105835174827.png，依据类推简化规则，将正体楷书字形中的“岡”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105835533015.png省略成“冈”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105835412433.png。
附一 文言版《説文解字》：剛，彊斷也。从刀，岡聲。
附二 白话版《说文解字》：刚，强力摧断。字形采用“刀”作边旁，采用“岡”作声旁。
17.弥：“爾”是“彌”的本字。尔，甲骨文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111040191467.png、金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111040633058.png像多箭齐发的弓弩。当“爾”的“集发弓弩”本义消失后，金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111040326866.png再加“弓”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111040240996.png另造“彌”代替；https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111040779618.png是对https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111040633058.png的误写。有的金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111040684985.png加“曰”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111040518387.png（箭耙），强调射击。篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111040871914.png用“王”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111040833588.png代替金文字形中的“曰”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111040518387.png。造字本义：动词，将多箭弓弩的所有箭位装满。隶化后楷书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111040666853.png省去篆文字形中的“王”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111040833588.png，将篆文字形中的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111040384568.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111040428781.png，将篆文字形中的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111040786242.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111040735649.png。俗体楷书“弥”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111040761598.png，依据类推简化规则，将正体楷书字形中的“爾”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111040735649.png简化成“尔”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111040928256.png。作为动词，古籍多以“彌”代替“爾”。
附一 文言版《説文解字》：彌，弛弓也。从弓，璽聲。
附二 白话版《说文解字》：弥，放松弓弦。字形采用“弓”作边旁，采用“尔”作声旁。
二、翻译
《军谶》说：“既能柔又能刚，则国运光明；既能弱又能强，则国运昌盛。单纯用柔用弱，则国力必然削弱；单纯用刚用强，国家必定灭亡。”治理国家的原则，在于依赖贤士与民众。信任贤者如同自己的腹心，使用人民如用自己的手足，政令便能完全执行下去。这样，行动起来便会像四肢与躯干一样协调，像各个关节一样互相照应，像天道运行一样顺乎自然，技艺高超没有无所事事。统军治国的关键，在于体察众人的心理，把战略战术都做到极致。
第一周第四天
2023.2.22【原文】
危者安之，惧者欢之，叛者还之，怨者原之，诉者察之，卑者贵之，强者抑之，敌者残之，贪者丰之，欲者使之，畏者隐之，谋者近之，谗者覆之，毁者复之，反者废之，横者挫之，满者损之，归者招之，服者居之，降者脱之。获固守之，获阨塞之，获难屯之，获城割之，获地裂之，获财散之。敌动伺之，敌近备之，敌强下之，敌佚去之，敌陵待之，敌暴绥之，敌悖义之，敌睦携之。顺举挫之，因势破之，放言过之，四网罗之。得而勿有，居而勿守，拔而勿久，立而勿取。为者则己，有者则士。焉知利之所在？彼为诸侯，己在天子，使城自保，令士自处。
【作业】
1. 查阅字词本义不少于10个字。
2. 翻译文义。
3. 背诵并上传录音。
一、查字
1.危：危，甲骨文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101015903394337.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101015903644652.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101015903487843.png（像悬崖）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101015903796728.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101015903601522.png（像坠石），表示悬崖坠石。有的甲骨文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101015903819604.png、https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101015903308619.png将坠石形象https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101015903601522.png繁化为https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101015903810755.png、https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101015903505565.png。金文另造会义字：https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101015903556989.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101015903644652.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101015903325061.png（人，登山者）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101015903796728.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101015903372949.png（厂，崖岩）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101015903796728.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101015903920079.png（巳，即“人”的变形），表示人在崖顶，担心坠崖；人在崖下，担心坠石。篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101015903511445.png承续金文字形。造字本义：形容词，人在高崖或崖下而害怕，担心自身坠崖或坠石。隶化后楷书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101015903912103.png将篆文字形中的“人”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101015903984541.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101015903681086.png；将篆文字形中的“厂”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101015903132745.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101015903684129.png；将篆文字形中的“巳”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101015903446809.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101015903301155.png。
附一 文言版《説文解字》：危，在高而懼也。从厃，自卪止之。凡危之屬皆从危。
附二 白话版《说文解字》：危，人在高处而恐惧。字形采用“厃”作边旁，表示自卪履高而止。所有与危相关的字，都采用“危”作边旁。
2.惧：“䀠”是“瞿”的本字；而“瞿”是“懼”（惧）的本字。目，既是声旁也是形旁，表示动物的眼。䀠，金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/10/10/20221010013525131620.gifhttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101022706643900.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/10/10/20221010013545585023.gif（像鹰的左眼，瞳孔很大、眼角锐利的眼睛）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101022706142621.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/10/10/20221010013556238353.gif（像鹰的右眼，瞳孔很大、眼角锐利的眼睛），表示鹰眼锐利，令人生畏。有的金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/10/10/20221010013640903359.gif将鹰眼状的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/10/10/20221010013556238353.gif写成人目状的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/10/10/20221010013653325992.gif。篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/10/10/20221010013735804455.gif将金文字形中横写的“目”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/10/10/20221010013653325992.gif写成竖写的“目”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/10/10/20221010013746165911.gif。当“䀠”的本义消失后，篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/10/10/20221010023601514007.gif加“隹”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/10/10/20221010023613870336.gif（鹰隼）另造“瞿”代替，表示肉食性猛禽双眼锐利，令人畏惧。当“瞿”的本义消失后，篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/10/10/20221010035314971639.gif再加“心”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/10/10/20221010035325927152.gif（恐慌）另造“懼”（惧）代替，强调“害怕”的心理含义。造字本义：形容词，鹰隼攫取的眼光令人生畏。隶化后楷书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/10/10/20221010035340957080.gif将篆文字形中的“心”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/10/10/20221010035325927152.gif写成“竖心旁”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/10/10/20221010035420886264.gif，将篆文字形中的“瞿”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/10/10/20221010035442746007.gif写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/10/10/20221010035451978027.gif。古籍多以“瞿”或“懼”（惧）代替“䀠”。“惧”是深度不安；“惮”是深度惧怕。
附一 文言版《説文解字》：懼，恐也。从心，瞿聲。data:image/png;base64,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，古文。
附二 白话版《说文解字》：惧，恐慌。字形采用“心”作边旁，采用“瞿”作声旁。data:image/png;base64,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，这是古文写法的“惧”。
3.欢：雚，既是声旁也是形旁，表示锐目利爪的猎鹰。歡，篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101022714898036.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101022714906736.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101022714436915.png（雚，猎鹰）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101022714484601.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101022714873754.png（欠，兴叹），表示猎鹰的呼叫。造字本义：动词，猎鹰发现猎物而兴奋呼叫。隶化后楷书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101022714738231.png将篆文字形中的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101022714436915.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101022714944709.png，将篆文字形中的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101022714873754.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101022714603901.png。《汉字简化方案》中的简体楷书“欢”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101022714258878.png，用笔画简单的“又”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101022714839269.png代替笔画复杂的“雚”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101022714944709.png。
附一 文言版《説文解字》：歡，喜樂也。从欠，雚聲。
附二 白话版《说文解字》：欢，喜庆欢呼。字形采用“欠”作边旁，采用“雚”作声旁。
4.叛：半，既是声旁也是形旁，表示分解、分裂。叛，篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101024157882601.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101024157371341.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101022405886827.png（半，分裂）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101024157153607.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023711857853.png（反，违背），表示分裂、违背。造字本义：动词，军队分裂，违抗中央政权。隶书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101024157209084.png将篆文字形中的“半”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101022405886827.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101024157620123.png，将篆文字形中的“反”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023711857853.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101024157385160.png。
附一 文言版《説文解字》：叛，半也。从半，反聲。
附二 白话版《说文解字》：叛，分离。字形采用“半”作边旁，采用“反”作声旁。
5.还：方，既是声旁也是形旁，表示发配边境的犯人。還，甲骨文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105855699020.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105855367648.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105855899132.png（行，前进）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105855988395.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105855949843.png（眉目，张望）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105855988395.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105855942914.png（方，发配边境的犯人），表示被发配边境的犯人对家乡眷念回望。金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105855734164.png省去甲骨文字形中的“方”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105855942914.png，用“瞏”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105855541979.png（環，围绕、环视）代替甲骨文字形中的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105855176757.png，强调远行者“眷念回望”含义。篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105855606232.png承续金文字形。造字本义：动词，离家远行者眷念回望。隶化后楷书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105855725262.png将篆文字形中的“辵”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105855128718.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105855617438.png，将篆文字形中的“瞏”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105855489747.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105855353751.png。《汉字简化方案》中的简体楷书“还”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105855863092.png，依据草书字形https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105855633456.png，将正体楷书字形中的“睘”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105855353751.png简化成“不”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105855410440.png。
附一 文言版《説文解字》：還，復也。从辵，瞏聲。
附二 白话版《说文解字》：还，去了又回。字形采用“辵”作边旁，采用“瞏”作声旁。
6.怨：夗，既是声旁也是形旁，是“宛”、亦即“婉”的省略，表示弯曲、回转。怨，金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/4/20200104121410750773.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104713198618.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/4/20200104121410131756.png（夗，即“宛”、亦即“婉”的省略，弯曲回转）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104713178887.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/4/20200104121410817828.png（心，情绪），表示委婉、迂回表达的负面情绪。籀文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/16/20200116090226266386.gif将金文字形中的“夗”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/4/20200104121410131756.png写成“命”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/4/20200104121410107754.png，将籀文字形中的“心”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/4/20200104121410817828.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/4/20200104121410394136.png，表示对强令的不满。篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104713419582.png承续金文字形。造字本义：动词，以委婉、迂回、间接的方式表达不满情绪。隶书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104713509642.png将篆文字形中的“夗”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104713179371.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104713840325.png，将篆文字形中的“心”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104713716123.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104713921385.png。
附一 文言版《説文解字》：怨，恚也。从心，夗聲。data:image/png;base64,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，古文怨。
附二 白话版《说文解字》：怨，藏恨于心。字形采用“心”作边旁，采用“夗”作声旁。data:image/png;base64,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，这古文写法的“怨”字。
7.诉：“𧦡”和“愬”是“𧪜”的异体字；“訴”是“𧦡”的异体字。朔，既是声旁也是形旁，是“溯”的省略，表示逆流而上、向源头回返。𧪜，篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/5/7/20220507092034688736.gifhttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104713198618.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/5/7/20220507092043436989.gif（言，陈述、说明）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104713178887.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/5/7/20220507092053769708.gif（朔，即“溯”的省略，逆流而上，向源头回返），表示回溯事件，说明原委。篆文异体字“𧦡”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/5/7/20220507093228962786.gif用“厈”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/5/7/20220507093247400008.gif（“岸”的本字，河岸）代替“朔”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/5/7/20220507092053769708.gif（“溯”的省略，回溯）。隶化后楷书“𧦡”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/5/7/20220507093444221078.gif将篆文字形中的“言”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/5/7/20220507092043436989.gif写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/5/7/20220507093453361773.gif，将篆文字形中的“厈”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/5/7/20220507093247400008.gif写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/5/7/20220507093501947665.gif。俗体楷书“訴”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/5/7/20220507093510517889.gif误将“厈”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/5/7/20220507093501947665.gif写成“斤”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/5/7/20220507093529494101.gif加一点的字形https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/5/7/20220507093520175279.gif，导致本义线索不明。造字本义：动词，原告向法官回溯事件，陈述原委，申张怨情，吁求公正道义。篆文异体字“愬”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/5/7/20220507093331176766.gif用“心”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/5/7/20220507093351700605.gif（怨恨）代替“言”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/5/7/20220507092043436989.gif（陈述、申诉），强调原告陈述原委的目的是申诉怨情。古籍多以“訴”代替“𧪜”和“𧦡”。现代汉语以“訴”合并代替“愬”。古人称向法官提出告状为“诉”，称在法官主持下辩论为“讼”。古籍常“告诉”并用，词义偏指“诉”，虽然二者都是弱者向强权陈述原委，申请公正与支持；二者不同点：“告”指俗世灾难超过当局者承受力，因而向神界申诉，多伴随集体宗教仪式；“诉”指现实的迫害冤屈超过平民承受力，因而向执法判官申告，多为个人日常行为。
附一 文言版《説文解字》：𧦡，告也。从言，厈省聲。《論語》曰：“𧦡子路於季孫。”data:image/png;base64,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，𧦡或从言朔。愬，𧦡或从朔、心。
附二 白话版《说文解字》：𧦡，向官府告状。字形采用“言”作边旁，采用有所省略的“厈”作声旁。《论语》上说，“公伯寮向季孙诬告子路。”data:image/png;base64,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，这是“𧦡”的异体字，字形采用“言、朔”会义的结构。“愬”，这也是“𧦡”的异体字，采用“心、朔”会义的结构。
8察：察，篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105803654665.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105803274297.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105803821900.png（宀，庙宇）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105803239623.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105803984739.png（祭，祭祀），表示在庙宇进行的祭祀活动。造字本义：动词，审视、细究祭祀时显示的神迹。隶化后楷书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105803304660.png将篆文字形中的“宀”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105803821900.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105803276847.png，将篆文字形中的“祭”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105803984739.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105803800664.png。
附一 文言版《説文解字》：察，覆也。一说“复审也”。从宀、祭聲。
附二 白话版《说文解字》：察，屋檐向下覆盖。另一种说法是“反复审视”。字形采用“宀”作边旁，采用“祭”作声旁。
9.卑：卑，金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101024122723353.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101024122701485.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101024123253659.png（像古代有手柄的扇子）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101024123193040.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101024123385745.png（又，抓持），表示打扇子。篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101024123588669.png将金文字形中的扇形https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101024123253659.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2019/12/25/20191225124426458998.gif。造字本义：动词，仆人手持扇子躬身服侍主人。隶书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2019/12/25/20191225124513310127.gif将篆文字形中的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2019/12/25/20191225124426458998.gif写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2019/12/25/20191225124544123200.gif，将篆文字形中的“又”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101024123764460.png简化成“十”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101024123187626.png。俗体楷书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2019/12/25/20191225124727522559.gif误加一撇，将隶书字形中的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2019/12/25/20191225124544123200.gif扇形写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2019/12/25/20191225124819102135.gif。
附一 文言版《説文解字》：卑，賤也。執事也。从data:image/png;base64,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、甲。
附二 白话版《说文解字》：卑，地位低贱。被迫劳作。字形采用“data:image/png;base64,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、甲”会义。
10.强：强，篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111049265145.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111049427307.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111049514491.png（弘，声音大）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111049175283.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111049293212.png（虫，爬行动物），表示动物的发出的巨大声音。造字本义：名词，呼啸声震憾人的大型爬行动物。隶化后楷书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111049740077.png将篆文字形中的“弘”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111049514491.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111049234071.png，将篆文字形中的“虫”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111049293212.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111049731366.png。
附一 文言版《説文解字》：強，蚚也。从虫，弘聲。data:image/png;base64,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，籒文强，从䖵，从彊。
附二 白话版《说文解字》：強，蚚类昆虫。字形采用“虫”作边旁，采用“弘”作声旁。data:image/png;base64,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，这是籀文的“强”，采用“䖵”作边旁，“彊”作声旁。
11.抑：“印”是“抑”的本字。印，甲骨文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104454697749.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104454548562.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104454910811.png（爪，抓住）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104454446258.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104454944101.png（蹲跪着的人），表示将对象制服跪地，并强制在其额头烙戳记号。金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104454559241.png将甲骨文字形中的“人”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104454944101.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104454428029.png。、篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104454898044.png将甲骨文字形中的“人”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104454944101.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104454749068.png。当“印”的“强制烙印”的本义消失后，篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104454195929.png再加“手”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104454590476.png另造“抑”代替。造字本义：动词，古代官府强制性在发配边疆的罪犯额头上烙戳发配记号。隶书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104454785533.png将篆文字形中的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104454590476.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104454199318.png，将篆文字形中的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104454898044.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104454283619.png。楷书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104454779313.png将篆文字形中的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104454898044.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104454943568.png。
附一 文言版《説文解字》：data:image/png;base64,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，按也。从反“印”。data:image/png;base64,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，俗从手。
附二 白话版《说文解字》：data:image/png;base64,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，按压。采用反写“印”的方式造字。data:image/png;base64,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，俗体字采用“手”作边旁。
12.敌：啇，既是声旁也是形旁，与“啻”同源，表示最高话语权。敵，籀文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104654471583.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104654985887.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104654896013.png（啇，最高话语权）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104654133880.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104654294412.png（攴，持械打击），表示拒绝权威，武装对抗。篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104654405860.png将籀文字形中的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104654896013.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104654698640.png，将籀文字形中的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104654294412.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104654578989.png。造字本义：动词，拒绝权威，武装对抗。隶化后楷书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104654246429.png将篆文字形中的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104654698640.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104654343835.png，将篆文字形中的“攴”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104654578989.png写成“反文旁”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104654476546.png。简体楷书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104654385024.png依据类推简化规则，将正体楷书字形中的“啇”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104654343835.png简化成“舌”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104654691477.png。
附一 文言版《説文解字》：敵，仇也。从攴，啻聲。
附二 白话版《说文解字》：敌，仇恨者。字形采用“攴”作边旁，采用“啻”作声旁。
13.残：歹，既是声旁也是形旁，表示肢解切割、析骨剔肉。殘，篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/5/7/20200507050726657133.gifhttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104445966292.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/5/7/20200507050754747490.gif（歹，肢解切割、析骨剔肉）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104445970005.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/5/7/20200507050745267337.gif（戔，相互武力拼杀），表示武力拼杀，置对方于死地。造字本义：动词，为争夺利益，武力拼杀，置对方于死地。隶化后楷书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/5/7/20200507051731516002.gif将篆文字形中的“歹”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/5/7/20200507050754747490.gif写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/5/7/20200507051747762500.gif，将篆文字形中的“戔”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/5/7/20200507050745267337.gif写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/5/7/20200507051903749140.gif。《汉字简化方案》中的简体楷书“残”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104445945326.png，依据类推简化规则，将正体楷书字形中的“戔”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/5/7/20200507051903749140.gif写成“戋”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104445170433.png。
附一 文言版《説文解字》：殘，賊也。从歺，戔聲。
附二 白话版《说文解字》：残，残害。字形采用“歹”作边旁，采用“戋”作声旁。
14.贵：貴，甲骨文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105841251073.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105841543027.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105841615161.png（双手，抓、捧）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105841699813.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105841412631.png（土，故土），像双手https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105841615161.png捧着泥土https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105841412631.png。有的甲骨文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105841577203.png增加“宁”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105841161948.png（即“贮”，存宝的匣子），强调离乡或流亡的人将具有象征性的泥土装进匣子，以示对故土的崇敬与珍爱。金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105841284423.png将甲骨文字形中的双手https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105841845794.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105841243116.png，将甲骨文字形中的匣子“宁”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105841161948.png写成不知所云的“人https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105841413783.png”，并用“貝”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105841966947.png（价值）代替甲骨文字形中的“土”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105841412631.png，强调故土在离乡或流亡者心中的神圣“价值”。篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105841977858.png承续金文字形。造字本义：动词，收藏故土，以示对故乡故国的崇敬与珍爱。隶化后楷书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105841177912.png将篆文字形中的“臾”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105841660896.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105841622104.png，将篆文字形中的“貝”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105841754659.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105841988133.png，篆文字形中的“爪”形消失，字形晦涩。《汉字简化方案》中的简体楷书“贵”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105841683107.png，依据类推简化规则，将正体楷书字形中的“貝”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105841988133.png简化成“贝”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105841788147.png。
附一 文言版《説文解字》：貴，物不賤也。从貝，臾聲。臾，古文蕢。
附二 白话版《说文解字》：贵，货物价格不低贱。字形采用“贝”作边旁，采用“臾”作声旁。臾，古文写作“蕢”。
15.贪：含，既是声旁也是形旁，表示衔在嘴里。貪，甲骨文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111116870850.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111116704727.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111116420188.png（口，含在嘴里）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111116730678.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111116152400.png（貝，古代最早的货币），表示爱财至极，含贝在口。金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111116361388.png将甲骨文字形中的“口”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111116420188.png写成“今”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111116953064.png（“含”的省略），将甲骨文字形中的“貝”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111116152400.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111116303829.png。篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111116795886.png承续金文字形。造字本义：动词，对钱贝迷恋到想把它吞下去。隶化后楷书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111116989816.png将篆文字形中的“今”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111116249047.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111116547033.png，将篆文字形中的“貝”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111116650082.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111116462031.png。《汉字简化方案》中的简体楷书“贪”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111116116920.png，依据类推简化规则，将正体楷书字形中的“貝”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111116462031.png简化成“贝”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111116383269.png。
附一 文言版《説文解字》：貪，欲物也。从貝，今聲。
附二 白话版《说文解字》：贪，想要得到钱财货物。字形采用“贝”作边旁，采用“今”作声旁。
16.丰：丰，甲骨文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101021202401504.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101021202478180.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101021202853126.png（“未”的变形，枝叶茂盛的树木）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101021202779538.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101021202268965.png（土，土埂），表示种植在土埂上高大茂盛的树木。古人在帝王所赐的土地四周种植高大茂盛的树木，以标志所属的地界。金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101021202202012.png承续甲骨文字形。篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101021202196238.png将金文字形中的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101021202275420.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101021202827500.png，将金文字形中的“土”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101021202352833.png写成“十”形的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101021202118809.png。造字本义：形容词，封地四周作为地界标志的草木，长势旺盛，枝叶茂密。隶书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101021202395486.png继续简化字形，连篆文字形中的“屮”形https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101021202517400.png也不见了。由于“豐”（禮，礼）字包含两个“丰”的字形，古籍也常假借含义毫不相关的“丰”来代替“豐”（禮，礼），以致古代字书误将读音本为lǐ的“豐”（禮，礼），读成“丰”的读音fēng。《汉字简化方案》用“丰”（fēng）合并简化“豐”（lǐ）。
附一 文言版《説文解字》：丰，艸盛丰也。从生，上下達也。
附二 白话版《说文解字》：丰，草势茂盛。字形采用“生”作边旁，像上下相达的样子。
17.畏：鬼，既是声旁也是形旁，表示巫师扮演的邪魔妖怪。畏，甲骨文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111125616153.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111125550509.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111125205010.png（爪，抓持）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111125613981.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111125146494.png（田，是“鬼”的省略，鬼面具），表示巫师手持面具化装。有的甲骨文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111125229856.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111125550509.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111125640481.png（卜，神杖）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111125613981.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111125286918.png（头戴鬼面具的巫师），表示戴鬼面具的巫师手持神杖表演降神仪式。有的甲骨文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111125782021.png将神杖“卜”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111125640481.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111125360795.png。金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111125376531.png基本承续甲骨文字形。诅楚文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111125829066.png将“人”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111125620735.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111125988279.png，将“卜”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111125224750.png写成“爪”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111125145428.png。篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111125712450.png误将金文字形中的“人”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111125988279.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111125683267.png。造字本义：动词，巫师头戴鬼面具，手执魔杖，表演逐鬼驱邪的舞蹈。隶化后楷书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111125733985.png将篆文字形中表示“鬼头”的“由”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111125239362.png写成“田”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111125955610.png，将篆文字形中的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111125100946.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111125777996.png，导致“爪”形消失，“人”形淡化。
附一 文言版《説文解字》：畏，惡也。从甶，虎省。鬼頭而虎爪，可畏也。
附二 白话版《说文解字》：畏，厌恶。字形采用“甶”和省略式的“虎”会义。“畏”字像怪物长着鬼头，张着虎爪，形象可怖。
18.谗：毚，既是声旁也是形旁，双“兔”重叠，表示像兔子一样嘴巴动个不停，不断说话。讒，篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/1/19/20210119085424830472.gifhttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023529801945.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/1/19/20210119085439317790.gif（言，说话）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023529536452.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/1/19/20210119085447285007.gif（毚，嘴动不停，话语不断），表示不断地说好话。造字本义：动词，不断地用甜言蜜语讨好献媚。隶化后楷书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023529283896.png将篆文字形中的“言”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/1/19/20210119085439317790.gif写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023529162498.png，将篆文字形中的“毚”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/1/19/20210119085447285007.gif写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023529443533.png。《汉字简化方案》中的简体楷书“谗”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/1/19/20210119085525571425.gif，依据类推简化规则，将正体楷书字形中的“言”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023529162498.png简化成“讠”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023529738314.png，将正体楷书字形中的“毚”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023529443533.png简化成“二”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/1/19/20210119085620986270.gif、“免”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/1/19/20210119085631143129.gif（“兔”的变形）构成的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/1/19/20210119085640911953.gif。“谗”是用甜言蜜语献媚当权者；“谄”是是恶语诅咒，毁谤陷害。
附一 文言版《説文解字》：讒，譖也。从言，毚聲。
附二 白话版《说文解字》：谗，说别人的坏话。字形采用“言”作边旁，采用“毚”作声旁。
19.覆：復，既是声旁也是形旁，表示往返、反转。覆，金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105141990542.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105141191708.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105141546194.png（像罩盖）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105141254338.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105141357849.png（復，往返、反转），表示将朝下的罩盖反转朝上。篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105141527621.png将篆文字形中的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105141357849.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105141309648.png。造字本义：动词，将朝下的罩盖反转朝上。隶化后楷书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105141615037.png将篆文字形中罩盖状的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105141565862.png写成“西”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105141386490.png，将篆文字形中的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105141309648.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105141802075.png。
附一 文言版《説文解字》：覆，覂也。一曰蓋也。从襾，復聲。
附二 白话版《说文解字》：覆，覆盖。一种说法认为“覆”是盖子。字形采用“襾”作边旁，采用“復”作声旁。
20.毁：“燬”和“譭”是“毁”的异体字。毁，金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105851162655.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105851792218.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105851904156.png（像陶器）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105851964689.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105851437537.png（壬，即“任”的本字，聪明能干）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105851964689.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105851260841.png（攴，持械打击），表示持械打破精工制作的陶器。籀文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105851205111.png将金文字形中的陶器形状https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105851904156.png写成“臼”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105851169893.png。篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105851143674.png将籀文字形中的“壬”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105851357609.png（聪明能干）写成“土”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105851844803.png（土制陶器），强调打破精美而脆弱的陶器。造字本义：动词，将宝贵而脆弱的精美陶器打破，使之失去盛器作用。隶化后楷书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105851101889.png将篆文字形中的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105851681918.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105851325453.png，将篆文字形中的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105851457442.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105851126073.png。俗体楷书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105851605039.png将正体楷书字形中的“土”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105851963722.png写成“工”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105851838867.png（精巧），表示打破精巧做工的陶器。古籍多以“毁”代替“燬”和“譭”。
附一 文言版《説文解字》：毁，缺也。从土，毇省聲。data:image/png;base64,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，古文毁从壬。
附二 白话版《说文解字》：毁，陶器打破缺口。字形采用“土”作边旁，采用省略了“米”的“毇”字作声旁。“data:image/png;base64,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 ”，这是古文写法的“毁”字，采用“壬”作边旁。
21.复：“复”是“復”的本字。复，甲骨文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/7/27/20210727012558626130.gifhttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105851107684.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/7/27/20210727012607528239.gif（南北两端各有瓮城的城邑）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105851345648.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/7/27/20210727012621159355.gif（夂，倒写的“止”，行走），表示往返于城门。金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/7/27/20210727031825677772.gif将甲骨文字形中带瓮城的城邑https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/7/27/20210727012607528239.gif写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/7/27/20210727031952976622.gif，并用“人”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/7/27/20210727031958984223.gif代替“夂”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/7/27/20210727012621159355.gif。篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/7/27/20210727032024484052.gif综合甲骨文字形与金文字形，将甲骨文字形的城邑https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/7/27/20210727012607528239.gif简写成表示两个瓮城的“吕”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/7/27/20210727032237701287.gif，将甲骨文字形中的“夂”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/7/27/20210727012621159355.gif写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/7/27/20210727032245878558.gif，将金文字形中的“人”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/7/27/20210727031958984223.gif写成一点一横的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/7/27/20210727032251461211.gif。造字本义：动词，往返于城门。隶化后楷书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/7/27/20210727032602594215.gif将篆文字形中的“人”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/7/27/20210727032251461211.gif写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/7/27/20210727034740464983.gif，将篆文字形中的瓮城“吕”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/7/27/20210727032237701287.gif简化成“日”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/7/27/20210727034825455984.gif，将篆文字形中的“夂”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/7/27/20210727032245878558.gif写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/7/27/20210727034855947153.gif。当“复”的本义消失后，金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/7/27/20210727032410246761.gif加“彳”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/7/27/20210727032453866438.gif（行，走动）另造“復”代替，强调“行走往返”的含义。古籍多以“復”代替“复”。《汉字简化方案》用“复”代替“復”，并用“复”（復）合并代替“複”。
附一 文言版《説文解字》：复，行故道也。从夊，畗省聲。
附二 白话版《说文解字》：复，走回头的老路。字形采用“夊”作边旁，采用省略“田”的“畗”字作声旁。
22.反：“反”是“扳”的本字。反，甲骨文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2023/1/13/20230113085413340026.gifhttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023711480954.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2023/1/13/20230113085424258635.gif（厂，岩石）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023711244910.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2023/1/13/20230113085434873950.gif（又，抓），表示手抓岩石，即攀岩、攀崖。金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2023/1/13/20230113085449448414.gif、篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2023/1/13/20230113085500964829.gif承续甲骨文字形。籀文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2023/1/13/20230113085555798357.gif将甲骨文字形中的“厂”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2023/1/13/20230113085424258635.gif写成“https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2023/1/13/20230113090137602887.gif”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2023/1/13/20230113085548698214.gif。造字本义：动词，攀岩翻山。隶化后楷书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2023/1/13/20230113085313683324.gif将篆文字形中的“厂”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2023/1/13/20230113085353985109.gif写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2023/1/13/20230113085335602227.gif。将篆文字形中的“又”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2023/1/13/20230113085401511466.gif写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2023/1/13/20230113085342584587.gif。当“反”的本义消失后，俗体隶书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2023/1/13/20230113091859816824.gif再加“手”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2023/1/13/20230113091928131112.gif（抓住）另造“扳”代替，强调手抓岩石，攀崖翻山。作为动词“攀岩翻山”时，古籍多以“扳”代替“反”。
附一 文言版《説文解字》：反，覆也。从又，厂反形。data:image/png;base64,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，古文反。
附二 白话版《说文解字》：反，翻转手掌。字形采用“又、厂”会义，“厂”像手掌翻转的样子。data:image/png;base64,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，这是古文写法的“反”。
23.废：發，既是声旁也是形旁，表示投射、攻击。廢，篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105835115579.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105835480011.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105835230045.png（广，半开放的简易建筑）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105835934026.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/4/7/20200407101154931149.gif（發，投枪发箭，代指战争），表示战争破坏建筑，使建筑不完整。造字本义：动词，战争杀戮，摧毁房舍。隶化后楷书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105835820889.png将篆文字形中的“發”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/4/7/20200407101154931149.gif写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105835357691.png。《汉字简化方案》中的简体楷书“废”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105835692613.png，依据类推简化规则，将正体楷书字形中“發”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105835357691.png简化成“发”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105835857804.png。
附一 文言版《説文解字》：廢，屋頓也。从广，發聲。
附二 白话版《说文解字》：废，房屋倒塌。字形采用“广”作边旁，采用“發”作声旁。
24.横：“黄”与“寅”同源后分化，表示练习射箭。横，篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101021718517367.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101021718305829.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101021718414901.png（木，架子）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101021718286624.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101021718459905.png（黄，即“寅”，练习射箭），表示架弓射箭。造字本义：动词，把弓身平放在弓架上。弓子竖挂时弓身与地面垂直，弓子平放时弓身与地面平行。隶书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101021718584046.png将篆文字形中的“木”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101021718414901.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101021718753393.png，将篆文字形中的“黄”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101021718459905.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101021718856892.png。
附一 文言版《説文解字》：横，闌木也。从木，黃聲。
附二 白话版《说文解字》：横，栏杆。字形采用“木”作边旁，“黄”是声旁。
25.挫：坐，既是声旁也是形旁，表示身体由立而屈折于座位。挫，篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104516521545.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104516467229.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104516229339.png（手，摧折、打压）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104516840317.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104516200098.png（坐而不能立），表示在打压之下难以站立。造字本义：动词，摧折、打压，使之难以立足。隶书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104516238989.png将篆文字形中的“手”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104516229339.png简写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104516386320.png，失去五指形象；将篆文字形中的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104516200098.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104516856722.png。《汉字简化方案》中的简体楷书“挫”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104516553086.png，依据类推简化规则，将正体楷书字形中的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104516856722.png简化成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104516634262.png。
附一 文言版《説文解字》：挫，摧也。从手，坐聲。
附二 白话版《说文解字》：挫，摧折。字形采用“手”作边旁，采用“坐”作声旁。
26.满：https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020732165155.png，既是声旁也是形旁，表示均匀，平均。滿，篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020732826770.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020732551762.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/2/25/20200225082021883731.gif（水，容器里的水）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020732938182.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020732216628.png（㒼，均匀），表示水充斥每一处。造字本义：动词，容器内液体饱和。隶化后楷书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020732248760.png将篆文字形中的“水”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/2/25/20200225082021883731.gif写成“三点水”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020732783491.png，将篆文字形中的“㒼”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020732216628.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020732827707.png。《汉字简化方案》中的简体楷书“满”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020732499912.png，依据类推简化规则，将正体楷书字形中的“㒼”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020732827707.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020732291941.png。
附一 文言版《説文解字》：滿，盈溢也。从水，㒼聲。
附二 白话版《说文解字》：满，液体达到器皿容量而外溢。字形采用“水”作边旁，采用“㒼”作声旁。
27.损：員，既是声旁也是形旁，表示钟鼎的圆口。損，金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104517174157.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104517426140.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104517743445.png（手，捣毁）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104517756877.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104517915079.png（钟鼎的圆口），表示捣毁钟鼎器物。篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104517965251.png将金文字形中的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104517915079.png简化成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104517485939.png。造字本义：动词，捣毁、破坏钟鼎等贵重器皿。隶书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104517376657.png将篆文字形中的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104517743445.png简化成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104517295412.png，失去五指形象。《汉字简化方案》中的简体楷书“损”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104517586716.png，依据类推简化规则，将正体楷书字形中的“員”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104517970743.png简化成“员”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104517629271.png。
附一 文言版《説文解字》：損，減也。从手，員聲。
附二 白话版《说文解字》：损，减少。字形采用“手”作边旁，采用“员”作声旁。
28.归：歸，甲骨文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104927276753.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104927752296.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104927194280.png（https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104927908947.png，兵符，代表中央朝廷授权的军政权力）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104927898474.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104927307061.png（方，方国、边境势力），表示边境方国依附中央，获得中央的军政授权。繁体甲骨文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104927504029.png将“方”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104927307061.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104927990733.png，并加“止”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104927293013.png（即“趾”的本字，前行），表示顺服并前往中央受权。有的甲骨文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104927580185.png将“止”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104927293013.png写成似“爪”又似“帚”的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104927755160.png。有的甲骨文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104927408486.png误将本为“止”的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104927755160.png与“方”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104927997694.png所组成的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104927287765.png，混写成了“帚”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104927275625.png。金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104927840889.png承续甲骨文字形。有的金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104927360308.png加“行”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104927155249.png，表示与中央朝廷保持来往。有的金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104927349053.png加“口”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104927823886.png（讲和），表示讲和调停。有的金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104927333814.png加“辵”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104927577160.png（行进）。篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104927701075.png误将金文字形中的兵符“https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104927908947.png”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104927647913.png和“行”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104927286033.png的上半部，合写成“https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104927716016.png”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104927760376.png。造字本义：动词，边境方国顺服中央朝廷，获得军政授权。隶化后楷书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104927200686.png将篆文字形中的“https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104927716016.png”和“止”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104927129390.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104927547360.png，将篆文字形中的“帚”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104927925672.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104927824826.png。楷书异体字https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104927425193.png将正体楷书字形中的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104927547360.png略写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104927504972.png，“止”字被省略成一横。《汉字简化方案》中的简体楷书“归”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104927135239.png，依据草书字形https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104927873688.png整体简化，将正体楷书字形中的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104927547360.png简化成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104927523708.png，将正体楷书字形中的“帚”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104927824826.png简化成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104927187977.png。
附一 文言版《説文解字》：歸，女嫁也。从止，从婦省，data:image/gif;base64,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聲。http://www.vividict.com/UserFiles/Image/==CF--wuli==/--CF6--qi(zu)--new%20new/016gui/93zaozi00.gif，籒文省。
附二 白话版《说文解字》：归，女子出嫁。字形采用“止”和“帚”作边旁，采用“data:image/gif;base64,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”作声旁。http://www.vividict.com/UserFiles/Image/==CF--wuli==/--CF6--qi(zu)--new%20new/016gui/93zaozi00.gif，这是籀文写法的“歸”字，省去了“data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhCQAOAIABAAAAAP///yH/C1hNUCBEYXRhWE1QPD94cGFja2V0IGJlZ2luPSLvu78iIGlkPSJXNU0wTXBDZWhpSHpyZVN6TlRjemtjOWQiPz4gPHg6eG1wbWV0YSB4bWxuczp4PSJhZG9iZTpuczptZXRhLyIgeDp4bXB0az0iQWRvYmUgWE1QIENvcmUgNS4zLWMwMTEgNjYuMTQ1NjYxLCAyMDEyLzAyLzA2LTE0OjU2OjI3ICAgICAgICAiPiA8cmRmOlJERiB4bWxuczpyZGY9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzE5OTkvMDIvMjItcmRmLXN5bnRheC1ucyMiPiA8cmRmOkRlc2NyaXB0aW9uIHJkZjphYm91dD0iIiB4bWxuczp4bXA9Imh0dHA6Ly9ucy5hZG9iZS5jb20veGFwLzEuMC8iIHhtbG5zOnhtcE1NPSJodHRwOi8vbnMuYWRvYmUuY29tL3hhcC8xLjAvbW0vIiB4bWxuczpzdFJlZj0iaHR0cDovL25zLmFkb2JlLmNvbS94YXAvMS4wL3NUeXBlL1Jlc291cmNlUmVmIyIgeG1wOkNyZWF0b3JUb29sPSJBZG9iZSBQaG90b3Nob3AgQ1M2IChXaW5kb3dzKSIgeG1wTU06SW5zdGFuY2VJRD0ieG1wLmlpZDpGQTQ2MUZBQTc5MjExMUU4OEY4OUNGMDJEM0JDMkU4RiIgeG1wTU06RG9jdW1lbnRJRD0ieG1wLmRpZDpGQTQ2MUZBQjc5MjExMUU4OEY4OUNGMDJEM0JDMkU4RiI+IDx4bXBNTTpEZXJpdmVkRnJvbSBzdFJlZjppbnN0YW5jZUlEPSJ4bXAuaWlkOkZBNDYxRkE4NzkyMTExRTg4Rjg5Q0YwMkQzQkMyRThGIiBzdFJlZjpkb2N1bWVudElEPSJ4bXAuZGlkOkZBNDYxRkE5NzkyMTExRTg4Rjg5Q0YwMkQzQkMyRThGIi8+IDwvcmRmOkRlc2NyaXB0aW9uPiA8L3JkZjpSREY+IDwveDp4bXBtZXRhPiA8P3hwYWNrZXQgZW5kPSJyIj8+Af/+/fz7+vn49/b19PPy8fDv7u3s6+rp6Ofm5eTj4uHg397d3Nva2djX1tXU09LR0M/OzczLysnIx8bFxMPCwcC/vr28u7q5uLe2tbSzsrGwr66trKuqqainpqWko6KhoJ+enZybmpmYl5aVlJOSkZCPjo2Mi4qJiIeGhYSDgoGAf359fHt6eXh3dnV0c3JxcG9ubWxramloZ2ZlZGNiYWBfXl1cW1pZWFdWVVRTUlFQT05NTEtKSUhHRkVEQ0JBQD8+PTw7Ojk4NzY1NDMyMTAvLi0sKyopKCcmJSQjIiEgHx4dHBsaGRgXFhUUExIREA8ODQwLCgkIBwYFBAMCAQAAIfkEAQAAAQAsAAAAAAkADgAAAheMYXl64I8QiyzQaeGzdXWtfdI0KiBUAAA7”。
29.招：“召”是“招”的本字。刀，既是声旁也是形旁，疑是“匕”即“匙”的误写。召，甲骨文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104344272875.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104344734703.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104344149683.png（双手）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104344885983.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104344262738.png（匕，酒匙）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104344885983.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104344704120.png（酉，酒坛），表示主人手持酒匕为客人打酒。有的甲骨文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104344329459.png用“口”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104344889905.png（盛器）代替“酉”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104344704120.png；再加https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104344668406.png，像主宾双方https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104344356157.png相对坐在席子https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104344612574.png上。简体甲骨文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104344179271.png省去双手和主客对坐的形象https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104344720145.png，并将酒匙“匕”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104344543989.png写成“刀”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104344969118.png。金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104344366375.png加“夕”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104344883928.png（肉食），表示用酒肉招待客人，将甲骨文字形中主宾对坐在席子上的形象https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104344668406.png写成不知所云的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104344884536.png。简体金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104344797617.png、篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104344278565.png承续简体甲骨文字形。当“召”的“招呼”本义消失后，篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104344414738.png再加“手”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104344886594.png另造“招”代替。造字本义：动词，打酒添食，款待客人。隶书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104344265971.png将篆文字形中的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104344886594.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104344174024.png，将篆文字形中的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104344478227.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104344183540.png。
附一 文言版《説文解字》：招，手呼也。从手召。
附二 白话版《说文解字》：招，挥手示意并呼叫。字形采用“手”作边旁，采用“召”作声旁。
30.服：“https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104456436040.png”是“服”的本字。https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104456436040.png，甲骨文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104456134144.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104456872276.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104456990297.png（人，罪人）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104456103176.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104456340109.png（又，抓捕、控制），表示抓捕罪犯。当“https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104456436040.png”作为单纯字件后，甲骨文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104456537159.png再加“凡”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104456267826.png（方形木枷）另造“服”代替，强调抓捕罪犯，并用刑枷加以控制。金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104456225814.png承续甲骨文字形。有的金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104456987742.png误将“凡”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104456267826.png（木枷）写成“舟”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104456278084.png。篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104456373992.png将金文字形中的“舟”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104456278084.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104456581218.png，将金文字形中的“人”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104456349838.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104456400034.png。造字本义：动词，抓捕战俘或罪犯，强制上枷，使之屈从。隶书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104456127232.png误将篆文字形中的“舟”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104456581218.png写成“月”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104456873142.png，将篆文字形的“人https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104456400034.png”写成“卪”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104456411888.png，将篆文字形中的“又”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104456813969.png写成“乂”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104456740293.png，以致字形面目全非。古籍多以“服”代替“https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104456436040.png”。
附一 文言版《説文解字》：服，用也。一曰車右騑，所以舟旋。从舟，data:image/png;base64,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聲。data:image/png;base64,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，古文服字，从人。
附二 白话版《说文解字》：服，使用、役使。一种说法认为，“服”是马车右边的骖马，以便马车可以向右周旋。字形采用“舟”作边旁，采用“data:image/png;base64,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”作声旁。data:image/png;base64,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，这是古文写法的“服”字，字形采用“人”作边旁。
31.居：“居”是“毓（育）”的异体字。女，既是声旁也是形旁，表示孕妇。毓，甲骨文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104747181110.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104747375563.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104747880458.png（女，孕妇）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104747808049.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104747297254.png（水，产妇的羊水）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104747808049.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104747278537.png（倒写的“子”，胎儿降生），表示胎儿伴随大量羊水排出母体。甲骨文异体字https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104747175310.png用“母”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104747561020.png代替“女”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104747880458.png，强调产子为母。甲骨文异体字https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104747110566.png将伴随羊水的胎儿https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104747165413.png省略成倒写的“子”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104747689565.png。甲骨文异体字“居”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104747254416.png写成“人”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104747222563.png（母亲）与倒写的“子”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104747487834.png（婴儿）会义。金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104747756662.png、https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104747106516.png承续甲骨文字形。篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104747214210.png误将甲骨文字形https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104747254416.png中的“人”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104747222563.png写成“尸”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104747676308.png，误将甲骨文字形https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104747254416.png中倒字的“子”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104747487834.png写成“古”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104747259235.png，导致本义线索消失。在古人眼里，妇女生育后安安定定在家里“坐月子”，最能体现“住家过日子”的本质，因此“居”从“生育”的本义引申出“住家过日子”的含义，又因此用“居”代替本义为“住家生活”的“凥”。造字本义：动词，妇女生育坐月子，安安定定在家里过日子。隶化后楷书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104747182064.png将篆文字形中的“尸”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104747676308.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104747445981.png，将篆文字形中的“古”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104747259235.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104747791936.png。
https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/8/19/20200819075007235715.jpg附 “凥”的字源解说：几，既是声旁也是形旁，表示小凳子。凥，金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104747476561.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104747375563.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104747317994.png（尸，坐着的人）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104747808049.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104747879721.png（几，小凳子），表示坐在小凳子上。篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104747303316.png承续金文字形。造字本义：动词，坐在自家几凳上放松停歇，即呆在家里过日子，不在户外奔波。隶化后楷书书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104747708225.png将篆文字形中的“尸”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104747676308.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104747975675.png，将篆文字形中的“几”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104747988393.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104747744741.png。由于“凥”与“居”在字形、字义上相近，古籍多假借“居”（生育子女）代替“凥”（休闲在家），而“凥”字偏废。
附一 文言版《説文解字》：居，蹲也。从尸古者，居从古。踞，俗居从足。
附二 白话版《说文解字》：居，蹲踞。字形采用“尸、古”会义，原因是蹲踞沿袭古代的习俗。踞，这是“居”的俗体字，采用“足”作边旁。
32.降：夅，既是声旁也是形旁，字形是倒写的“步”，表示往下走。降，甲骨文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020025989975.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020025666792.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020025873831.png（阜，盘山石阶）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020025687767.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020025967609.png（夅，倒写的“步”），表示沿着山路石阶往下走。造字本义：动词，从山顶往山下走。金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020025621775.png、https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020025203782.png承续甲骨文字形。篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020025107608.png将金文字形中的“步”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020025297166.png写成“夅”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020025409010.png。隶书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020025431974.png将篆文字形中的“阜”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020025102734.png写成“左耳旁”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020025651212.png。上山叫“陟”，下山叫“降”。
附一 文言版《説文解字》：降，下也。从data:image/png;base64,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，夅聲。
附二 白话版《说文解字》：降，下山。字形采用“左耳旁”（阜）作边旁，采用“夅”作声旁。
33.脱：兑，既是声旁也是形旁，表示对换、置换。脱，篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104453500228.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104453427895.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104453724101.png（肉，兽肉）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104453893429.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104453729916.png（兑，对换，置换），表示置换兽肉。造字本义：动词，剔去兽肉中的骨头。隶化后楷书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104453490501.png将篆文字形中的“肉”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104453724101.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104453398789.png，将篆文字形中的“兑”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104453729916.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104453107741.png。
附一 文言版《説文解字》：脱，消肉臞也。从肉，兌聲。
附二 白话版《说文解字》：脱，消去其肉而显瘦弱。字形采用“肉（月）”作边旁，采用“兑”作声旁。
34.固：古，既是声旁也是形旁，疑是篆文对金文字形https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104632537979.png中的字形https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104632948515.png的误写。固，金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104632537979.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104632416050.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104632647276.png（盾甲）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104632552790.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104632955314.png（束，缠绕、捆束），表示对盾甲进行某种加强。篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104632872762.png将金文字形中加强型的盾https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104632948515.png写成“古”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104632470480.png；也就是说“古”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104632470480.png中的“十”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104632929912.png其实是“甲”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104632777145.png，“古”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104632470480.png中的“口”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104632727542.png，其实是捆束https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104632955314.png。造字本义：动词，给盾甲捆扎或加层，使之牢不可破。隶书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104632214043.png承续篆文字形。
附一 文言版《説文解字》：固，四塞也。从囗，古聲。
附二 白话版《说文解字》：固，四周阻塞不易进出。字形采用“囗”作边旁，“古”作声旁。
35.守：守，甲骨文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104435199656.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104435337428.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104435325079.png（六，即“庐”的本字，房屋）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104435569757.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104435600869.png（寸，手持器械）。金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104435987500.png将甲骨文字形中的写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104435401169.png，将甲骨文字形中的“又”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104435600869.png写成“寸”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104435494439.png。篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104435566835.png承续金文字形。造字本义：动词，持械护卫家园，御寇入侵。隶化后楷书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104435108241.png将篆文字形中的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104435421372.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104435215145.png，将篆文字形中的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104435585997.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104435510418.png。
附一 文言版《説文解字》：守，守官也。从宀，从寸。寺府之事者。从寸。寸，法度也。
附二 白话版《说文解字》：守，官吏的操行、节操。字形采用“宀、寸”会义。宀，表示官府的事。寸，表示法度。
36.阨：戹，既是声旁也是形旁，是“軶”的本字，表示套在牛马等力畜颈肩上以受力拉车的曲木架。阨，篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020058902503.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020059772703.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020059189171.png（阜，山地）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020059296487.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020059298069.png（戹，套在牛马颈肩上的曲木架），比喻有扼守形势的山地。造字本义：动词，山高谷深，地势狭隘，扼守一方。隶化后楷书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020059434086.png将篆文字形中的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020059189171.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020059376779.png，将篆文字形中的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020059298069.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020059677925.png。古籍多以“扼”代替“阨”。
附一 文言版《説文解字》：阸，塞也。从data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAkAAAAOAQMAAADHWqTrAAAEDGdJRnhYTVAgRGF0YVhNUD94cGFja2V0IGJlZ2luPSLvu78iIGlkPSJXNU0wTXBDZWhpSHpyZVN6TlRjemtjOWQiPz4gPHg6eG1wbXRhIHhtbG5zOng9ImFkb2JlOm5zOm1ldGEvIiB4OnhtcHRrPSJBZG9iZSBYTVAgQ29yZSA1LjMtYzAxMSA2Ni4xNDU2NjEsIDIwMTIvMDIvMDYtMTQ6NTY6MjcgICAgICAgICI+PHJkZjpSREYgeG1sbnM6cmRmPSJodHRwOi8vd3d3Lncub3JnLzE5OTkvMDIvMjItcmRmLXN5bnRheC1ucyMiPiA8cmRmOkRlc2NyaXB0aW9uIHJmOmFib3V0PSIiIHhtbG5zOnhtcD0iaHR0cDovL25zLmFkb2JlLmNvbS94YXAvMS4wLyIgeG1sbnM6eG1wTU09Imh0dHA6Ly9ucy5hZG9iZS5jb20veGFwLzEuMC9tbS8iIHhtbnM6c3RSZWY9Imh0dHA6Ly9ucy5hZG9iZS5jb20veGFwLzEuMC9zVHlwZS9SZXNvdXJjZVJlZiMiIHhtcDpDcmVhdG9yVG9vbD0iQWRvYmUgUGhvdG9zaG9wIENTNiAoV2luZG93cykiIHhtTU06SW5zdGFuY2VJRD0ieG1wLmlpZDpDNjM2RUMxMzBBMjQxMUVBOEQ0N0VFRTZFOUM5OTI2RSIgeG1wTU06RG9jdW1lbnRJRD0ieG1wLmRpZDpDNjM2RUMxNDBBMjQxMUVBOEQ0N0VFRTZFOUM5OTZFIj4gPHhtcE1NOkRlcml2ZWRGcm9tIHN0UmVmOmluc3RhbmNlSUQ9InhtcC5paWQ6NjM2RUMxMTBBMjQxMUVBOEQ0N0VFRTZFOUM5OTI2RSIgc3RSZWY6ZG9jdW1lbnRJRD0ieG1wLmRpZDpDNjM2RUMxMkEyNDExRUE4RDQ3RUVFNkU5Qzk5MjZFIi8+IDwvcmRmOkRlc2NyaXB0aW9uPiA8L2RmOlJERj4gPC94OnhtcG1ldGE+IDw/eHBhY2tldCBlbmQ9InIiPz4B//79/Pv6+fj39vX08/Lx8O/u7ezr6uno5+bl5OPi4eDf3t3c29rZ2NfW1dTT0tHQz87NzMvKycjHxsXEw8LBwL++vby7urm4t7W0s7KxsK+urayrqqmop6alpKOioaCfnp2cm5qZmJeWlZSTkpGQj46NjIuKiYiHhoWEg4KBgH9+fXx7enl4d3Z1dHNycXBvbm1sa2ppaGdmZWRjYmFgX15dXFtaWVhXVlVUU1JRUE9OTUxLSklIR0ZFRENCQUA/Pj08Ozo5ODc2NTQzMjEwLy4tLCsqKSgnJiUkIyIhIB8eHRwbGhkYFxYVFBMSERAPDg0MCwoJCAcGBQQDAgEAHVmy6gAAAANzQklUAQEBfC53ggAAAAZQTFRFAAAA////pdmf3QAAAAJ0Uk5T/wDltzBKAAAAAWJLR0QB/wIt3gAAAAxjbVBQSkNtcDA3MTIAAAAHT223pQAAABlJREFUGNNj+N7A8L6B4X4DAxDUM4BJ7GwA21sHwRTooHQAAAAASUVORK5CYII=，戹聲。
附二 白话版《说文解字》：阸，阻隔。字形采用“阜”作边旁，采用“戹”作声旁。
37.塞：塞，甲骨文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105810726180.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105810247457.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105810622961.png（宀，房屋）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105810617775.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105810157080.png（两个“工”，表示大量器械、材料）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105810617775.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105810436610.png（双手操持），表示借用工具修补房屋。金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105810762781.png将甲骨文字形中的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105810157080.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/11/15/20211115043947219336.gif。篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105810152872.png加“土”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/11/15/20211115043959263554.gif（泥巴），强调胶泥的补砌作用。造字本义：动词，借助工具、材料，用泥土填堵房墙的漏洞。隶化后楷书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105810292514.png将篆文字形中的“宀”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105810927439.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105810153450.png，将篆文字形中的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105810132497.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105810655800.png。
附一 文言版《説文解字》：塞，隔也。从土，从data:image/png;base64,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。
附二 白话版《说文解字》：塞，筑在边区的隔障。字形采用“土”作边旁，采用“data:image/png;base64,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”作声旁。
38.难：堇，既是声旁也是形旁，表示绞刑或火刑的极刑。難，金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101021559126387.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101021559523583.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101021559511914.png（堇，极刑）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101021559117819.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101021559184857.png（隹，隼，食肉猛禽），表示以鸟啄为刑。篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101021559759191.png、https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101021559543882.png基本承续金文字形。造字本义：动词，酷刑，捆绑受刑者，让猛禽啄食而死。隶化后楷书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101021559186463.png将篆文字形中的“堇”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101021559380769.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101021559945713.png，将篆文字形中的“隹”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101021559817344.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101021559186463.png。《汉字简化方案》的简体楷书“难”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101021559985244.png，将正体楷书字形中的“堇”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101021559945713.png简化成“又”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101021559318922.png。
附一 文言版《説文解字》：難，data:image/png;base64,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也。从鳥，堇聲。難，data:image/png;base64,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或从隹。
附二 白话版《说文解字》：难（難），即data:image/png;base64,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。字形采用“鸟”作边旁，采用“堇”作声旁。難，这是“data:image/png;base64,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”的异体字，字形采用“隹”作边旁。
39.屯：屯，甲骨文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101021145136602.png是象形字，字形像一颗种子https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2023/1/3/20230103082605419420.gif，上端有嫩茎https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2023/1/3/20230103082650581140.gif，下端有根系https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2023/1/3/20230103082715647102.gif，表示种籽扎根。有的甲骨文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101021145769547.png写成与“生”相似的字形，下部https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101021145660843.png（屮）像种子刚破土萌发，上部https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101021145719646.png像幼苗的嫩稍。金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101021145983900.png将幼苗的嫩稍https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101021145719646.png写成一点https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101021145719646.png。篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101021145910554.png将金文的实心圆点https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101021145719646.png写成一横https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101021145826906.png。造字本义：动词，种籽萌芽，向下扎根。隶化后楷书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101021145468479.png将篆文字形中的“屮”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101021145814341.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101021145485125.png。种籽萌芽扎根为“屯”，种籽同时萌芽为“齐”。
附一 文言版《説文解字》：屯，難也。象艸木之初生。屯然而難。从屮貫一。一，地也。尾曲。《易》曰：“屯，剛柔始交而難生。
附二 白话版《说文解字》：屯，生长艰难。字形象草木初生的样子。屯然而艰难。字形采用“屮”作边旁，像“屮”贯穿了“一”。这里的“一”，表示大地。“屮”的尾部弯曲。《易经》上说：“屯，刚柔始交而难生。”
40.割：“害”是“割”的本字。害，甲骨文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105229994146.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105229590084.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105229185006.png（被系扎捆绑的舌头）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105229943768.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105229567025.png（口，嘴巴），表示系扎捆绑https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105229261138.png舌头https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105229594955.png，以防人之口。金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105229663988.png在舌头https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105229197146.png中间加一横指事符号https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105229205335.png，表示割断舌头。有的金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105229140514.png将独体形写成断开的两部分https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105229646599.png、https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105229419167.png，强调“割断”。繁体金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105229504304.png加“丮”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105229886386.png（执，紧紧抓住），强调恶意致伤的强制性。当“害”的“切割”本义消失后，金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105229401529.png再加“刀”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105229528197.png另造“割”代替。篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105229678793.png将金文字形中的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105229474878.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105229343340.png，用“丯”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105229940711.png突出纵横切割的创伤。造字本义：动词，古人为了消灭口供或证词，抓捕并割去当事人舌头。隶化后楷书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105229339603.png将篆文字形中的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105229343340.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105229945042.png，将篆文字形中的“刀”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105229882714.png写成“立刀旁”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105229207246.png。
附一 文言版《説文解字》：割，剥也。从刀，害聲。
附二 白话版《说文解字》：割，活体剥皮。字形采用“刀”作边旁，采用“害”作声旁。
41.裂：列，既是声旁也是形旁，表示肢解酷刑。裂，篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105753318651.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105753526571.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105753879294.png（列，肢解）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105753497422.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105753148813.png（衣，服装），表示撕扯衣服。造字本义：动词，将完好的衣服撕碎，与“缝”相反。隶化后楷书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105753130452.png将篆文字形中的“列”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105753879294.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105753604491.png，将篆文字形中的“衣”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105753148813.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105753882603.png。
附一 文言版《説文解字》：裂，繒餘也。从衣，data:image/png;base64,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聲。
附二 白话版《说文解字》：裂，缯帛的余料。字形采用“衣”作边旁，采用“data:image/png;base64,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”作声旁。
42.伺：“覗”是“伺”的异体字；“𥄶”是“覗”的异体字。司，既是声旁也是形旁，表示发号施令、主持、管理。伺，篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/11/23/20211123112150928376.gifhttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104840783246.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/11/22/20211122024940454027.gif（人，侍从）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104840875290.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/11/23/20211123112205205899.gif（司，发号施令、主持、管理），表示侍从等候在主事者身边，以便随时听从驱使。造字本义：动词，侍从等候在主事者身边，现场观察照顾，随时恭候驱使。隶化后楷书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/11/23/20211123112218912264.gif将篆文字形中的“人”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/11/22/20211122024940454027.gif写成“单人旁”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104840433947.png，将篆文字形中的“司”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/11/23/20211123112205205899.gif写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/11/23/20211123112230704324.gif。 当“伺”引申出动词“监视侦察，以待时机”后，楷书异体字“覗”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/11/24/20211124100140173332.gif用“見”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/11/24/20211124100328503055.gif（看到）代替“人”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104840433947.png（侍从），强调“监视、侦探”的含义。楷书异体字“𥄶”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/11/24/20211124100147339040.gif用“目”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/11/24/20211124100155988184.gif（看）代替“見”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/11/24/20211124100328503055.gif（看到）。古籍多以“伺”代替“覗”和“𥄶”。
附一 文言版《説文解字》：伺，望也。从人，司聲。
附二 白话版《说文解字》：伺，站在远处观看。字形采用“人”作边旁，采用“司”作声旁。
43.备：備，甲骨文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105813306161.png像箭https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105813923673.png在箭筒https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105813517168.png中。金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105813536541.png变形严重，箭矢与箭筒的形象模糊难辨。篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105813109753.png误将甲骨文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105813306161.png中的箭筒与箭头https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105813291098.png写成“用”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105813993786.png，受金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105813536541.png影响，将甲骨文字形中的箭尾https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105813518059.png写成“草头”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105813448136.png，并加两个“人”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105813493675.png、https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105813186044.png。造字本义：名词，预存在箭筒里的箭支。隶化后楷书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105813395072.png将篆文字形中的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105813493675.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105813530107.png，将篆文字形中的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105813940423.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105813163355.png。《汉字简化方案》中的简体楷书“备”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105813602031.png，误将“用”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105813993786.png写成“田”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105813688314.png；误将篆文字形中的“草头”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105813448136.png与“人”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105813186044.png写成“条头”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105813571157.png，至此面目全非。
附一 文言版《説文解字》：備，愼也。从人，data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAA0AAAAOAQMAAADOsQSRAAAEDWdJRnhYTVAgRGF0YVhNUD94cGFja2V0IGJlZ2luPSLvu78iIGlkPSJXNU0wTXBDZWhpSHpyZVN6TlRjemtjOWQiPz4gPHg6eG1wbXRhIHhtbG5zOng9ImFkb2JlOm5zOm1ldGEvIiB4OnhtcHRrPSJBZG9iZSBYTVAgQ29yZSA1LjMtYzAxMSA2Ni4xNDU2NjEsIDIwMTIvMDIvMDYtMTQ6NTY6MjcgICAgICAgICI+PHJkZjpSREYgeG1sbnM6cmRmPSJodHRwOi8vd3d3Lncub3JnLzE5OTkvMDIvMjItcmRmLXN5bnRheC1ucyMiPiA8cmRmOkRlc2NyaXB0aW9uIHJmOmFib3V0PSIiIHhtbG5zOnhtcD0iaHR0cDovL25zLmFkb2JlLmNvbS94YXAvMS4wLyIgeG1sbnM6eG1wTU09Imh0dHA6Ly9ucy5hZG9iZS5jb20veGFwLzEuMC9tbS8iIHhtbnM6c3RSZWY9Imh0dHA6Ly9ucy5hZG9iZS5jb20veGFwLzEuMC9zVHlwZS9SZXNvdXJjZVJlZiMiIHhtcDpDcmVhdG9yVG9vbD0iQWRvYmUgUGhvdG9zaG9wIENTNiAoV2luZG93cykiIHhtTU06SW5zdGFuY2VJRD0ieG1wLmlpZDoyODA0NTlGM0Y0MjIxMUU5OTQ3N0E3OTRCNjE4NzNGRiIgeG1wTU06RG9jdW1lbnRJRD0ieG1wLmRpZDoyODA0NTlGNEY0MjIxMUU5OTQ3N0E3OTRCNjE4N0ZGIj4gPHhtcE1NOkRlcml2ZWRGcm9tIHN0UmVmOmluc3RhbmNlSUQ9InhtcC5paWQ6MjA0NTlGMUY0MjIxMUU5OTQ3N0E3OTRCNjE4NzNGRiIgc3RSZWY6ZG9jdW1lbnRJRD0ieG1wLmRpOjI4MDQ1OUYyRjQyMjExRTk5NDc3QTc5NEI2MTg3M0ZGIi8+IDwvcmRmOkRlc2NyaXB0aW9uPiA8L3JkZjpSREY+IDwveDp4bXBtZXRhPiA8P3hwYWNrZXQgZW5kPSJyIj8+Af79/Pv6+fj39vX08/Lx8O/u7ezr6uno5+bl5OPi4eDf3t3c29rZ2NfW1dTT0tHQz87NzMvKycjHxsXEw8LBwL++vby7urm4t7a1tLOysbCvrq2sq6qpqKempaSjoqGgn56dnJuamZiXlpWUk5KRkI+OjYyLiomIh4aFhIOCgYB/fn18e3p5eHd2dXRzcnFwb25tbGtqaWhnZmVkY2JhYF9eXVxbWllYV1ZVVFNSUVBPTk1MS0pJSEdGRURDQkFAPz49PDs6OTg3NjU0MzIxMC8uLSwrKikoJyYlJCMiISAfHh0cGxoZGBcWFRQTEhEQDw4NDAsKCQgHBgUEAwIBACULHUUAAAADc0JJVAEBAXwud4IAAAAGUExURQAAAP///6XZn90AAAACdFJOU/8A5bcwSgAAAAFiS0dEAf8CLd4AAAAMY21QUEpDbXAwNzEyAAAAB09tt6UAAAAnSURBVBjTY/hewcDOwAAkgej+D4YDHAz7XzA4ZDDczmA4gETe8gAAWDIQfnWIlw0AAAAASUVORK5CYII=聲。data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAA0AAAAOAQMAAADOsQSRAAAEDGdJRnhYTVAgRGF0YVhNUD94cGFja2V0IGJlZ2luPSLvu78iIGlkPSJXNU0wTXBDZWhpSHpyZVN6TlRjemtjOWQiPz4gPHg6eG1wbXRhIHhtbG5zOng9ImFkb2JlOm5zOm1ldGEvIiB4OnhtcHRrPSJBZG9iZSBYTVAgQ29yZSA1LjMtYzAxMSA2Ni4xNDU2NjEsIDIwMTIvMDIvMDYtMTQ6NTY6MjcgICAgICAgICI+PHJkZjpSREYgeG1sbnM6cmRmPSJodHRwOi8vd3d3Lncub3JnLzE5OTkvMDIvMjItcmRmLXN5bnRheC1ucyMiPiA8cmRmOkRlc2NyaXB0aW9uIHJmOmFib3V0PSIiIHhtbG5zOnhtcD0iaHR0cDovL25zLmFkb2JlLmNvbS94YXAvMS4wLyIgeG1sbnM6eG1wTU09Imh0dHA6Ly9ucy5hZG9iZS5jb20veGFwLzEuMC9tbS8iIHhtbnM6c3RSZWY9Imh0dHA6Ly9ucy5hZG9iZS5jb20veGFwLzEuMC9zVHlwZS9SZXNvdXJjZVJlZiMiIHhtcDpDcmVhdG9yVG9vbD0iQWRvYmUgUGhvdG9zaG9wIENTNiAoV2luZG93cykiIHhtTU06SW5zdGFuY2VJRD0ieG1wLmlpZDpFMURERDMyM0Y0MjExMUU5OURDMjkzOUQ3NTdBRUMwOCIgeG1wTU06RG9jdW1lbnRJRD0ieG1wLmRpZDpFMURERDMyNEY0MjExMUU5OURDMjkzOUQ3NTdBRTA4Ij4gPHhtcE1NOkRlcml2ZWRGcm9tIHN0UmVmOmluc3RhbmNlSUQ9InhtcC5paWQ6RTFEREQzMjFGNDIxMTFFOTlDMjkzOUQ3NTdBRUMwOCIgc3RSZWY6ZG9jdW1lbnRJRD0ieG1wLmRpZDpFMURERDMyMkY0MjExMUU5OURDMjkzOUQ3NUFFQzA4Ii8+IDwvcmRmOkRlc2NyaXB0aW9uPiA8L3JkZjpSREY+IDwveDp4bXBtZXRhPiA8P3hhY2tldCBlbmQ9InIiPz4B//79/Pv6+fj39vX08/Lx8O/u7ezr6uno5+bl5OPi4eDf3t3c29rZ2NfW1dTT0tHQz87NzMvKycjHxsXEw8LBwL++vby7urm4t7a1tLOysbCvrq2sq6qpqKempaSjoqGgnp2cm5qZmJeWlZSTkpGQj46NjIuKiYiHhoWEg4KBgH9+fXx7enl4d3Z1dHNycXBvbm1sa2ppaGdmZWRjYmFgX15dXFtaWVhXVlVUU1JRUE9OTUxLSklIR0ZFRENCQUA/Pj08Ozo5ODc2NTQzMjEwLy4tLCsqKSgnJiUkIyIhIB8eHRwbGhkYFxYVFBMSERAPDg0MCwoJCAcGBQQDAgEAkZO27wAAAANzQklUAQEBfC53ggAAAAZQTFRFAAAA////pdmf3QAAAAJ0Uk5T/wDltzBKAAAAAWJLR0QB/wIt3gAAAAxjbVBQSkNtcDA3MTIAAAAHT223pQAAAC9JREFUGNNjePuD4Q0Hw8sbDNd2MNyvYJgzgyE4AcS4wcBw7wbD3RsM9yxAjJsvAJf4E46cHtsiAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC，古文備。
附二 白话版《说文解字》：备，谨慎。字形采用“人”作边旁，采用“data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAA0AAAAOAQMAAADOsQSRAAAEDWdJRnhYTVAgRGF0YVhNUD94cGFja2V0IGJlZ2luPSLvu78iIGlkPSJXNU0wTXBDZWhpSHpyZVN6TlRjemtjOWQiPz4gPHg6eG1wbXRhIHhtbG5zOng9ImFkb2JlOm5zOm1ldGEvIiB4OnhtcHRrPSJBZG9iZSBYTVAgQ29yZSA1LjMtYzAxMSA2Ni4xNDU2NjEsIDIwMTIvMDIvMDYtMTQ6NTY6MjcgICAgICAgICI+PHJkZjpSREYgeG1sbnM6cmRmPSJodHRwOi8vd3d3Lncub3JnLzE5OTkvMDIvMjItcmRmLXN5bnRheC1ucyMiPiA8cmRmOkRlc2NyaXB0aW9uIHJmOmFib3V0PSIiIHhtbG5zOnhtcD0iaHR0cDovL25zLmFkb2JlLmNvbS94YXAvMS4wLyIgeG1sbnM6eG1wTU09Imh0dHA6Ly9ucy5hZG9iZS5jb20veGFwLzEuMC9tbS8iIHhtbnM6c3RSZWY9Imh0dHA6Ly9ucy5hZG9iZS5jb20veGFwLzEuMC9zVHlwZS9SZXNvdXJjZVJlZiMiIHhtcDpDcmVhdG9yVG9vbD0iQWRvYmUgUGhvdG9zaG9wIENTNiAoV2luZG93cykiIHhtTU06SW5zdGFuY2VJRD0ieG1wLmlpZDoyODA0NTlGM0Y0MjIxMUU5OTQ3N0E3OTRCNjE4NzNGRiIgeG1wTU06RG9jdW1lbnRJRD0ieG1wLmRpZDoyODA0NTlGNEY0MjIxMUU5OTQ3N0E3OTRCNjE4N0ZGIj4gPHhtcE1NOkRlcml2ZWRGcm9tIHN0UmVmOmluc3RhbmNlSUQ9InhtcC5paWQ6MjA0NTlGMUY0MjIxMUU5OTQ3N0E3OTRCNjE4NzNGRiIgc3RSZWY6ZG9jdW1lbnRJRD0ieG1wLmRpOjI4MDQ1OUYyRjQyMjExRTk5NDc3QTc5NEI2MTg3M0ZGIi8+IDwvcmRmOkRlc2NyaXB0aW9uPiA8L3JkZjpSREY+IDwveDp4bXBtZXRhPiA8P3hwYWNrZXQgZW5kPSJyIj8+Af79/Pv6+fj39vX08/Lx8O/u7ezr6uno5+bl5OPi4eDf3t3c29rZ2NfW1dTT0tHQz87NzMvKycjHxsXEw8LBwL++vby7urm4t7a1tLOysbCvrq2sq6qpqKempaSjoqGgn56dnJuamZiXlpWUk5KRkI+OjYyLiomIh4aFhIOCgYB/fn18e3p5eHd2dXRzcnFwb25tbGtqaWhnZmVkY2JhYF9eXVxbWllYV1ZVVFNSUVBPTk1MS0pJSEdGRURDQkFAPz49PDs6OTg3NjU0MzIxMC8uLSwrKikoJyYlJCMiISAfHh0cGxoZGBcWFRQTEhEQDw4NDAsKCQgHBgUEAwIBACULHUUAAAADc0JJVAEBAXwud4IAAAAGUExURQAAAP///6XZn90AAAACdFJOU/8A5bcwSgAAAAFiS0dEAf8CLd4AAAAMY21QUEpDbXAwNzEyAAAAB09tt6UAAAAnSURBVBjTY/hewcDOwAAkgej+D4YDHAz7XzA4ZDDczmA4gETe8gAAWDIQfnWIlw0AAAAASUVORK5CYII=”作声旁。data:image/png;base64,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，这是古文写法的“备”。
44.下：“丅”是“下”的异体字。下，甲骨文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101015140981551.png是特殊指事字，字形由两横构成，顶端一横https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/6/17/20210617030309859013.gif较长，底端的一横https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/6/17/20210617030317388512.gif较短。古人用一横https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101015230484515.png代表混沌太初状态；用两横https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101015230122422.png（二，由两个“一”组成，两横一样长）代表从混沌太初中分化出来的、相并列的天与地。古人调整表示天与地、等长的两横https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101015230122422.png，以短横方向表示朝天、或朝地的方向。甲骨文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101015230147841.png将表示“天”的顶端横线写得较短，表示天、或朝天的方向；甲骨文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101015140981551.png将表示“地”的底端横线写成得较短，表示地、或朝地的方向。金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101015230162915.png承续甲骨文字形。金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101015230353918.png为区别于数目字“二”，在两横之间加一竖指事符号https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101015230978137.png，以显示纵的方向。篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101015230842678.png承续金文字形。造字本义：名词，与天相对的地。隶书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101015230635098.png承续金文字形。籀文异体字“丄”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101015230924770.png综合两款金文字形https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101015230162915.png、https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101015230353918.png，将金文字形顶端https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101015230162915.png的短横的短横https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101015230484515.png写成竖线https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101015140180668.png。古籍多以“下”代替“丅”。“上”的本义为天，“下”的本义为地。
附一 文言版《説文解字》：丅，底也。指事。下，篆文丅。
附二 白话版《说文解字》：丅，底部。这是指事字。下，篆文写法的“丅”字。
45.失，既是声旁也是形旁，表示消失不见。佚，篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104729407931.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104729508894.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104729964498.png（人，公民）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104729521936.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104729865208.png（失，消失不见），表示消失不见的人。造字本义：名词，消失不见的人，即遁世隐居者。隶化后楷书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104729751239.png将篆文字形中的“人”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104729964498.png写成“单人旁”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104729681003.png，将篆文字形中的“失”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104729865208.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104729347534.png。
附一 文言版《説文解字》：佚，佚民也。从人，失聲。一曰佚，忽也。
附二 白话版《说文解字》：佚，隐居遁世的人。字形采用“人”作边旁，采用“失”作声旁。另一种说法认为，“佚”是被人忽略、遗忘。
46.去：“去”是“却”的本字。去，甲骨文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/11/21/20201121070620737923.gifhttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104750114842.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/11/21/20201121070627117288.gif（大，人）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104750889168.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/11/21/20201121070634527070.gif（囗，聚邑），表示一个人跨步离开村邑。金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/11/21/20201121070644417008.gif基本承续甲骨文字形。篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/11/21/20201121070705752534.gif将金文字形中的“囗”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/11/21/20201121070726994209.gif（村邑）写成开口的“凵”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/11/21/20201121070739518973.gif（楷书写成“厶”）。篆文异体字“https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/11/21/20201121065641370500.gif”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/11/21/20201121070330986427.gif在“去”的字形https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/11/21/20201121070341991597.gif基础上加“户”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/11/21/20201121070359851940.gif（门），强调“出门远行”。造字本义：动词，离开住地，前往他方。隶化后楷书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/11/21/20201121070427679701.gif误将篆文字形中的“大”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/11/21/20201121070759351378.gif简写成了“土”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/11/21/20201121070541986067.gif；将篆文字形中的“凵”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/11/21/20201121070739518973.gif写成“折”加“点”的“厶”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/11/21/20201121070534509927.gif，至此“去”的字形中“大”（人）形消失，“囗”（邑）形消失。当“去”引申出“使人离开、使人消失”的含义后，篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104751156160.png再加“卩”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104751200200.png（人）另造“却”代替。从本义看，“出”是离开本邑本营而他征；“去”是离开某一聚居区而至他乡。
附一 文言版《説文解字》：去，人相違也。从大，凵聲。凡去之屬皆从去。
附二 白话版《说文解字》：去，两人相背而行。字形采用“大”作边旁，采用“凵”作声旁。所有与去相关的字，都采用“去”作边旁。
47.陵：陵，甲骨文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/4/5/20200405044459785923.gifhttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101015917610356.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/4/5/20200405044516910145.gif（人，登山者）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101015917785500.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/4/5/20200405044525491666.gif（止，即“趾”，借代脚板）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101015917785500.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/4/5/20200405044537166688.gif（阜，盘山石阶），表示踏着石阶上行登山。有的甲骨文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/4/5/20200405062626596842.gif省略“止”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/4/5/20200405044525491666.gif，用“大”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/4/5/20200405062747143566.gif（成年人）代替“人”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/4/5/20200405044516910145.gif。有的甲骨文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/4/5/20200405045826729831.gif将“阜”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/4/5/20200405044537166688.gif简化成齿状的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/4/5/20200405045846187429.gif，将登山者https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/4/5/20200405062747143566.gif写成一脚蹬地一脚高抬https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/4/5/20200405045836747939.gif的登山姿势。繁体甲骨文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/4/5/20200405045924216524.gif加“又”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/4/5/20200405045950914915.gif（用手抓），表示手https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/4/5/20200405045950914915.gif、脚https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/4/5/20200405063807487187.gif并用，攀登陡直的山岩。金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/4/5/20200405050024362436.gif加“土”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/4/5/20200405050049278302.gif（山地），表示在石阶或土路上攀登；将甲骨文字形中的“大”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/4/5/20200405045836747939.gif写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/4/5/20200405050109356028.gif，将甲骨文字形中的“止”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/4/5/20200405045857865562.gif写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/4/5/20200405050119305141.gif，将甲骨文字形中的攀登形象https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/4/5/20200405045907142132.gif上下重叠成“夌”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/4/5/20200405050059732136.gif，导致字形费解。篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/4/5/20200405050131319601.gif省去金文字形中的“土”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/4/5/20200405050049278302.gif，将金文字形中的“阜”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/4/5/20200405050040101214.gif写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/4/5/20200405050142716343.gif，将金文字形中的“夌”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/4/5/20200405050059732136.gif写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/4/5/20200405050154593648.gif。造字本义：动词，拾阶而上，登上高山。隶化后楷书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101015917820575.png将篆文字形中的“阜”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/4/5/20200405050142716343.gif写成“左耳旁”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101015917815559.png；将篆文字形中的“夌”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/4/5/20200405050154593648.gif写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101015917178060.png。当“陵”的“登山”本义消失后，后人用同音字“凌”代替。
附一 文言版《説文解字》：陵，大data:image/png;base64,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也。从data:image/png;base64,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，夌聲。
附二 白话版《说文解字》：陵，高大的山阜。字形采用“data:image/png;base64,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”作边旁，采用“夌”作声旁。
48.待：待，金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105834981471.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105834619957.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105834228630.png（彳，前行）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105834936746.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105834940209.png（寺，持），表示有所持而前往。篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105834194892.png承续金文字形。造字本义：动词，持礼前往，表达敬意。隶化后楷书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105834773625.png将篆文字形中的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105834700151.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105834628298.png，将篆文字形中的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105834928681.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105834767582.png。
附一 文言版《説文解字》：待，竢也。从彳，寺聲。
附二 白话版《说文解字》：待，等着。字形采用“彳”作边旁，“寺”作声旁。
49.暴：“暴”是“曝”的本字。暴，甲骨文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/4/28/20200428101355136144.gifhttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101014859342611.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/4/28/20200428094649131774.gif（口，“日”的变形参见“日”）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101014859637954.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/4/28/20200428101424338920.gif（鹿头，代鹿皮），像在太阳下面曝晒鹿皮。古人将野兽毛皮放在烈日下曝晒脱水，以便长久保存毛皮。金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/4/28/20200428101756655836.gif用“麦”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/4/28/20200428101937412270.gif代替甲骨文字形中的“鹿”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/4/28/20200428101424338920.gif，表示在太阳下暴晒麦子粮食。籀文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/4/28/20200428105000587534.gif调整结构，将甲骨文字形中的的“日上鹿下”改成“鹿上日下”。篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101014859892435.png用“米”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/4/28/20200428105303669838.gif代替“麦”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/4/28/20200428101937412270.gif，并加“廾”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/4/28/20200428105448460207.gif（双手，操持），表示晾晒稻米的动作。有的篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/4/28/20200428110515149992.gif加“出”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/4/28/20200428110907791507.gif，强调将稻米“拿出家门”去曝晒。造字本义：动词，将兽皮或粮食谷物放在烈日下曝晒，以便干燥保存。隶化后楷书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/2/18/20200218075111701035.gif误将篆文字形中的“出”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/4/28/20200428110907791507.gif和“廾”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/4/28/20200428111123435458.gif构成的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/2/11/20200211090535210740.gif写成“共”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/2/18/20200218075121494961.gif；误将篆文字形中的“米”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/4/28/20200428111249944410.gif写成“水”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/2/18/20200218075128984130.gif。当“暴”的“在烈日下曝晒”本义消失后，俗体隶书再加“日”另造“曝”代替。
附一 文言版《説文解字》：暴，晞也。从日，从出，从収，从米。
附二 白话版《说文解字》：暴，照晒。字形采用“日、出、収、米”四形会义
50.绥：妥，甲骨文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105205885033.png、金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105205905845.png表示男子压制反抗的女子。当“妥”的“压制女子”本义消失后，篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105205128669.png再加https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105205600934.png（糸，绑）另造“綏”代替。造字本义：动词，捆绑女奴，阻止反抗。隶化后楷书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105205735534.png将篆文字形中的“糸”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105205600934.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105205249301.png，将篆文字形中的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105205999068.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105205507428.png。《汉字简化方案》中的简体楷书“绥”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105205624365.png，依据类推简化规则，将正体楷书字形中的“糹”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105205249301.png简化成“纟”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105205298483.png。
附一 文言版《説文解字》：綏，車中把也。从糸，从妥。
附二 白话版《说文解字》：绥，车上用以拉手上车的绳索。字形采用“糸”作边旁，采用“妥”作声旁。
51.悖：“https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104712971635.png”是“誖”和“悖”的本字，“悖”是“誖”的异体字。或，既是声旁也是形旁，是“惑”的省略，表示困惑不解。https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104712971635.png，甲骨文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104712515418.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104712117482.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104712745709.png（或，即“惑”）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104712881698.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104712164393.png（或，即“惑”），表示两惑对立，理无出口。金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104712895273.png将甲骨文字形中的上下结构调整成左右结构。籀文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104712493921.png承续金文字形。篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104712505867.png另造“言”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104712820550.png形、“孛”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104712245424.png声的形声字代替，强调怪谬而难以言表。有的篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104712409312.png则写成“心”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104712926794.png形、“孛”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104712245424.png声的形声字，强调怪谬而难以思辨。造字本义：形容词，两惑对立纠缠，无论怎样去思考它或表述它，都会陷入自相矛盾的怪谬之中。隶化后楷书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104712273749.png楷书将篆文字形中的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104712926794.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104712962240.png，将篆文字形中的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104712245424.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104712150764.png。“誖”与“悖”同源近义，古籍多以“悖”代替“誖”。
附一 文言版《説文解字》：誖，亂也。从言，孛聲。悖，誖或从心。籀文data:image/png;base64,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从二或。
附二 白话版《说文解字》：誖，悖乱。字形采用“言”作边旁，采用“孛”作声旁。悖，这是“誖”的异体字，采用“心”作边旁。“誖”的籀文写作“”data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABUAAAATAQMAAABFgNTIAAAEDGdJRnhYTVAgRGF0YVhNUD94cGFja2V0IGJlZ2luPSLvu78iIGlkPSJXNU0wTXBDZWhpSHpyZVN6TlRjemtjOWQiPz4gPHg6eG1wbXRhIHhtbG5zOng9ImFkb2JlOm5zOm1ldGEvIiB4OnhtcHRrPSJBZG9iZSBYTVAgQ29yZSA1LjMtYzAxMSA2Ni4xNDU2NjEsIDIwMTIvMDIvMDYtMTQ6NTY6MjcgICAgICAgICI+PHJkZjpSREYgeG1sbnM6cmRmPSJodHRwOi8vd3d3Lncub3JnLzE5OTkvMDIvMjItcmRmLXN5bnRheC1ucyMiPiA8cmRmOkRlc2NyaXB0aW9uIHJmOmFib3V0PSIiIHhtbG5zOnhtcD0iaHR0cDovL25zLmFkb2JlLmNvbS94YXAvMS4wLyIgeG1sbnM6eG1wTU09Imh0dHA6Ly9ucy5hZG9iZS5jb20veGFwLzEuMC9tbS8iIHhtbnM6c3RSZWY9Imh0dHA6Ly9ucy5hZG9iZS5jb20veGFwLzEuMC9zVHlwZS9SZXNvdXJjZVJlZiMiIHhtcDpDcmVhdG9yVG9vbD0iQWRvYmUgUGhvdG9zaG9wIENTNiAoV2luZG93cykiIHhtTU06SW5zdGFuY2VJRD0ieG1wLmlpZDo0OTNDRUI3RkZFQ0QxMUU0QTJEOUMxQTMwMEM4MjMxRCIgeG1wTU06RG9jdW1lbnRJRD0ieG1wLmRpZDo0OTNDRUI4MEZFQ0QxMUU0QTJEOUMxQTMwMEM4MjFEIj4gPHhtcE1NOkRlcml2ZWRGcm9tIHN0UmVmOmluc3RhbmNlSUQ9InhtcC5paWQ6NDNDRUI3REZFQ0QxMUU0QTJEOUMxQTMwMEM4MjMxRCIgc3RSZWY6ZG9jdW1lbnRJRD0ieG1wLmRpZDQ5M0NFQjdFRkVDRDExRTRBMkQ5QzFBMzAwQzgyMzFEIi8+IDwvcmRmOkRlc2NyaXB0aW9uPiA8L3JmOlJERj4gPC94OnhtcG1ldGE+IDw/eHBhY2tldCBlbmQ9InIiPz4B//79/Pv6+fj39vX08/Lx8O/u7ezr6uno5+bl5OPi4eDf3t3c29rZ2NfW1dTT0tHQz87NzMvKycjHxsXEwsHAv769vLu6ubi3trW0s7KxsK+urayrqqmop6alpKOioaCfnp2cm5qZmJeWlZSTkpGQj46NjIuKiYiHhoWEg4KBgH9+fXx7enl4d3Z1dHNycXBvbm1sa2ppaGdmZWRjYmFgX15dXFtaWVhXVlVUU1JRUE9OTUxLSklIR0ZFRENCQUA/Pj08Ozo5ODc2NTQzMjEwLy4tLCsqKSgnJiUkIyIhIB8eHRwbGhkYFxYVFBMSERAPDg0MCwoJCAcGBQQDAgEAzV503gAAAANzQklUAQEBfC53ggAAAAZQTFRFAAAA////pdmf3QAAAAJ0Uk5T/wDltzBKAAAAAWJLR0QB/wIt3gAAAAxjbVBQSkNtcDA3MTIAAAAHT223pQAAAFJJREFUGNMVy7EJgDAYBeFbSojbOIGVYMZxB5t0juAICVhZKFb6IOpvrK75DluF7SLhsVOoEnksrQPWBY7ZYSaW4Nl68TbiaYsZxDX9nyNHcUd9tpAs/UwJ+kQAAAAASUVORK5CYII=，采用两个“或”会义。
52.义“義”是“儀”的本字。義，甲骨文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104552456077.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104552578751.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104552335856.png（羊，即“祥”的本字，祭祀占卜显示的吉兆）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104552470072.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104552748375.png（我，有利齿的戌，威猛战具），表示吉兆之战。金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104552469922.png、篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104552519481.png承续甲骨文字形。篆文异体字https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104552457797.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104552578751.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104552867275.png（羊，即“祥”的本字，祥和）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104552470072.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104552929445.png（弗，休战），表示休战和平，表达“道义”的另一层含义。造字本义：名词，出征前的隆重仪式，祭祀占卜，预测战争凶吉；如果神灵显示吉兆，则表明战争是仁道、公正的，神灵护佑的仁道之战。隶化后楷书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104552566992.png将篆文字形中的“羊”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104552867275.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104552141422.png，将篆文字形中的“我”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104552511241.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104552137445.png。《汉字简化方案》另造指事字“义”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104552431129.png，在“乂”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104552104496.png（割、杀）上加一点指事符号https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104552582606.png，表示杀得有理、杀得正当。当“義”的“仪式”本义消失后，篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104552934681.png再加“人”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/6/25/20210625055120983217.gif另造“儀”代替，表示程式庄严的典礼。古籍常“意义”并称，表示人类在各种事物寄托的精神观念价值；“意”，指个人的心思、想法，强调的是个体性和主观性；“義”，原指扬善惩恶的天意，后引申为公认的道德、真理、公认的文字内涵，强调的是普遍性和客观性；“意义”，指个人愿望与世间公理的结合统一。
附一 文言版《説文解字》：義，己之威儀也。从我、羊。羛，《墨翟書》義从弗。魏郡有羛陽鄉，讀若錡。今屬鄴，本内黃北二十里。
附二 白话版《说文解字》：义，我军威武的出征仪式。字形采用“我、羊”会义。羛，《墨翟书》上“義”字采用“弗”作边旁。魏郡有个地方叫“羛阳乡”，其“羛”字读作“锜”。该地现属鄴县，本来在内黃县北边二十里的地方。
53.举：“舉”是“擧”的异体字。余，既是声旁也是形旁，表示简易建筑。擧，金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/9/30/20200930051715232784.gifhttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104347719208.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/9/30/20200930051729372780.gif（余，简易建筑）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104347215958.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/9/30/20200930051739607015.gif（才，房柱、房梁）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104347215958.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/9/30/20200930051749622692.gif（两个人），表示众人将房梁托起，架在房柱上。有的金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/9/30/20200930051814944823.gifhttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104347719208.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/9/30/20200930051759170435.gif（围绕物体四周的四只手）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104347215958.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/9/30/20200930051824681871.gif（像用绳子捆绑加固的巨大物体），表示众人七手八脚地将巨大而沉重的物体托起。简体金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/9/30/20200930051833666624.gif省去绳子捆绑的重物形状https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/9/30/20200930051824681871.gif，强调众人的手的合力运作。篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/9/30/20200930051903480263.gif将金文字形中四只手形的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/9/30/20200930051833666624.gif写成“與”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/9/30/20200930051956543331.gif，同时再加“手”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/9/30/20200930052043171294.gif，表示众人参与，用手共同抬或托。隶化后楷书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/9/30/20200930052122419590.gif将篆文字形中的“與”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/9/30/20200930051956543331.gif写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/9/30/20200930052150430532.gif，将篆文字形中的“手”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/9/30/20200930052043171294.gif写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/9/30/20200930052218517386.gif。楷书异体字“舉”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/9/30/20200930052417466770.gif将“手”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/9/30/20200930052218517386.gif简写成“才”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/9/30/20200930052430145875.gif。造字本义：动词，众人合力，用手托起重物。《汉字简化方案》中的简体楷书“举”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104349849404.png，依据类推简化规则，将正体楷书字形中的“與”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/9/30/20200930052150430532.gif简写成了“兴”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104349447636.png。古籍多以“舉”代替“擧”。
附一 文言版《説文解字》：擧，對舉也。从手，與聲。
附二 白话版《说文解字》：举，两手相对，同时举起。字形采用“手”作边旁，采用“與”作声旁。
54.拔：犮，既是声旁也是形旁，即“跋”，狗骤然抽腿奔行的样子。拔，篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104405980923.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104405396377.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104405781039.png（手，抽）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104405982812.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104405854590.png（犮，即“跋”，骤然抽腿奔行），表示比喻猛然挥手，抽出物体。造字本义：动词，猛然挥手，将物体从平面中抽出来。隶书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104405413561.png将篆文字形中的“手”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104405781039.png简写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104405675992.png，失去五指形象；将篆文字形中的“犮”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104405854590.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104405620880.png。
附一 文言版《説文解字》：拔，擢也。从手，犮聲。
附二 白话版《说文解字》：拔，抽、拉。字形采用“手”作边旁，采用“犮”作声旁。
55.己：“己”是“纪”的本字。己，甲骨文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105116922751.png、https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105116973198.png像绳子系绕的样子。金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105116311803.png、篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105116143020.png承续甲骨文字形。造字本义：动词，在绳子上系圈、打结，用以记数和记事，或标明物品的归属者。当“己”的“结绳记事”本义消失后，篆文再加“丝”另造“纪”代替。捆绑的绳子为“乙”* ，用绳子捆绑叫“己”（纪）。附一 文言版《説文解字》：己，中宮也。象萬物辟藏詘形也。己承戊，象人腹。凡己之屬皆从己。
附二 白话版《说文解字》：己，定位在中央。像万物因回避而收藏在土中弯弯曲曲的形状。己继承戊，字形像人腹。所有与己相关的字，都采用“己”作边旁。
56.久“镹”是“久”的异体字。久，金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/12/15/20201215112345858623.gif是指事字，字形在“人”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/12/15/20201215112357325788.gif的腿部位置加一捺指事符号https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/12/15/20201215112405506061.gif，表示驻足等待。驻足等待容易感受时间的漫长。篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/12/15/20201215112417678247.gif承续金文字形。造字本义：动词，停止行进，驻足等待。隶化后楷书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/12/15/20201215112512890131.gif将篆文字形中的“人”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/12/15/20201215112523293925.gif写成。当“久”从动词“驻足等待”引申出形容词“持续时间长”后，籀文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/12/18/20201218024502814207.gif再加“長”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/12/18/20201218024548671638.gif（时间长）另造“镹”代替，强调等待的时间长。古籍多以“久”代替“镹”。长途迁移为“千”，驻足等待为“久”。附一 文言版《説文解字》：久，以後灸之，象人兩脛後有距也。《周禮》曰：“久諸牆以觀其橈。”凡久之屬皆从久。
附二 白话版《说文解字》：久，从背后作针灸。字形像两腿后面保持距离。《周礼》上说：“将木柄顶在两墙之间用微火烤之，并观察它的弯曲程序。”所有与久相关的字，都采用“久”作边旁。
57.取：取，甲骨文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104514792835.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104514457058.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104514535192.png（耳，听觉器官，耳朵）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104514447313.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104514890147.png（又，用手抓），表示手持割下的耳朵。古代战争中，士兵割下死敌的耳朵作为评价战绩的依据。金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104514933694.png将甲骨文字形中的“耳”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104514535192.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/6/24/20210624075543366285.gif，将甲骨文字形中的“又”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104514890147.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104514559827.png。篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104514368551.png承续金文字形。造字本义：动词，割下死敌的耳朵，以示战功。隶化后楷书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104514222100.png将篆文字形中的“耳”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104514332288.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104514983524.png，将篆文字形中的“又”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/6/24/20210624075627489878.gif写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/6/24/20210624075633490454.gif。
附一 文言版《説文解字》：取，捕取也。从又，从耳。《周禮》：“獲者取左耳。”《司馬法》曰：“載獻聝。”聝者，耳也。
附二 白话版《说文解字》：取，捕杀。字形采用“又、耳”会义。《周礼》上说：“获胜者割下敌人的左耳。”《司马法》上说：“载献聝。”聝，就是耳朵。
58.士：十，既是声旁也是形旁，是“又”的简化，即“丮”的变形，表示用手执握。士，金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/10/26/20211026033835607308.gifhttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104604935958.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/10/26/20211026033844463584.gif（宽刃战斧）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104604800972.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/10/26/20211026033853882831.gif（十，是“又”即“丮”的变形，执握），表示手握战斧。简体金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/10/26/20211026033904117609.gif淡化斧刃，将斧形的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/10/26/20211026033844463584.gif简化成“丄”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/10/26/20211026034007419407.gif。篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/10/26/20211026034104238778.gif承续简体金文字形。造字本义：名词，手持大斧作战的武夫。隶化后楷书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/10/26/20211026034124252027.gif承续篆文字形。在远古冷兵器时代，军人所使用的武器，代表其在军中的级别与地位：身在前线用小斧作战的叫“兵”；身在将帅身边使用大型战斧的高级警卫叫“士”；手持特大战斧的首领叫“王”。文治天下的首领叫“君”；头戴金冠的王者叫“皇”。
附一 文言版《説文解字》：士，事也。數始於一，終於十。从一从十。孔子曰：“推十合一爲士。”凡士之屬皆从士。
附二 白话版《说文解字》：士，善于办事的人。天地之数，从一开始，到十结束。字形采用“一、十”会义。孔子说：“能推十合一、从众多事物中推演归纳出一个根本道理的人，就是高明的士。”所有与士相关的字，都采用“士”作边旁。
59.利：利，甲骨文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023407216231.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023407473382.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023407632290.png（禾，庄稼）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023407250777.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023407467104.png（刀，带锋刃的切割工具），表示用刀收割庄稼，镰刀https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023407467104.png与庄稼https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023407632290.png之间的两点https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023407161592.png指事符号，表示振落的庄稼籽实。简体甲骨文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023407223765.png省去两点。简体金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023407670361.png承续简体甲骨文字形。篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023407784650.png承续金文字形。造字本义：动词，用快刀收割庄稼。隶化后楷书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023407146981.png将篆文字形中的“禾”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/8/12/20200812094328944000.gif写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023407530954.png，将篆文字形中的“刀”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/8/12/20200812094407170344.gif写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023407719459.png。
附一 文言版《説文解字》：利，銛也。从刀。和然後利，从和省。《易》曰：“利者，義之和也。”
附二 白话版《说文解字》：利，铦，金属农具。字形采用“刀”作边旁。谐和而后各有所利，所以采用省略了“口”的“和”。《易经》上说：“利益，是道义相和的结果。”
60.保：抱，既是声旁也是形旁，表示用双臂搂着。保，甲骨文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104841345680.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104841111040.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104841583350.png（反抱，双手从背后搂着）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104841983590.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104841959281.png（子，幼儿），表示反抱孩子，即用双手将孩子背在背上。背子求安，这是中国古代的养育传统，因为古代的幼儿除了野兽袭击、拐卖的威胁之外，还面临饥饿、虫害、水火等各种危险，父母外出或下地时，只有把孩子背在自己背上最安全。古人将小孩用背带兜住屁股背在肩上的传统一直沿续到现代。有的甲骨文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104841580702.png写作“仔”，表示大人https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104841379591.png（父母）怀抱的幼儿https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104841394258.png。金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104841603650.png承续甲骨文字形。有的金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104841362389.png误将搂孩子的手写成一撇https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104841633195.png。有的金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104841950669.png则误将甲骨文字形https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104841345680.png中的“子”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104841959281.png和搂抱孩子的“手”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104841400448.png写成不知所云的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104841417380.png。篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104841748633.png承续金文字形。造字本义：动词，将幼儿背在背上以免各种意外。隶书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104841393062.png误将篆文字形中似“子”非“子”的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104841417380.png写成“呆”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104841592582.png，至此字形面目全非。
附一 文言版《説文解字》：保，養也。从人，从data:image/png;base64,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省。data:image/png;base64,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，古文孚。data:image/png;base64,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，古文保。data:image/png;base64,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，古文保不省。
附二 白话版《说文解字》：保，养护幼儿。字形采用“人”和省略了“爪”的“data:image/png;base64,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”会义。data:image/png;base64,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，这是古文写法的“孚”字。data:image/png;base64,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，这是古文写法的“保”字。data:image/png;base64,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，这也是古文的“保”字，不省略“爪”。
二、翻译危险的人给他安定，恐惧的人让他欢欣，背叛者让他回来，怨恨者寻其源头，诉说者认真检查他，卑下的人给他尊贵，强大的人压制他，敌人攻击消减他，贪婪者让他富饶，有欲望的使用它，恐惧的让他隐居，谋划的靠近他，进谗言的要把他翻过来看清，被毁坏的要复原他，往返于两方之间的要废弃他，蛮横者要挫败，自满者要损毁他的自满，归来的要招待他，服从者要使他有居所，投降者要脱离。获得坚固就要用来防守，获得阨就要用了塞守，获难就要努力向下扎根蓄积资源，获得城池就要分割它的喉舌，获得土地就要分封它，获得钱财要散出去。敌人动的时候要伺机守候，敌人靠近要防备，敌人强要离开，敌人隐去要离开，敌人在高低要等待，敌人暴露要抓住他，敌人混乱要以正义之战攻击他，敌人与我们和睦要携他一同。顺着合力挫败他，跟随形势击破他，放出言论超过他，四面罗网网住他。获得而没拥有，居住而不守，拔出而不持久，站立而不取得。做的就是自己，有的则为士。知道利处所在？彼是诸侯，己是天子，让城市能自保，士能自处。
第一周第五天
2023.2.23【原文】
世能祖祖，鲜能下下；祖祖为亲，下下为君。下下者，务耕桑，不夺其时；薄赋敛，不匮其财；罕徭役，不使其劳；则国富而家娭，然后选士以司牧之。夫所谓士者，英雄也。故曰：罗其英雄则敌国穷。英雄者，国之干；庶民者，国之本。得其干，收其本，则政行而无怨。
夫用兵之要，在崇礼而重禄。礼崇，则智士至；禄重，则义士轻死。故禄贤不爱财，赏功不逾时则下力并而敌国削。夫用人之道，尊以爵，赡以财，则士自来；接以礼，励以义，则士死之。
一、查字
1.祖：且”是“刞”、“祖”和“宜”的本字。且，甲骨文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105726745819.png是指事字，在肉块“夕”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105726276788.png上加一横指事符号https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105726817795.png，表示切肉，将肉块切成均等的若干块。有的甲骨文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/12/5/20211205094820959820.gif在肉块https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/12/5/20211205094829793944.gif的正中间位置加“等号”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/12/5/20211205094838455917.gif，强调“平分”。在原始的共产平分时代，食物是平分的重点对象，因此平分食物精品的肉食，就成为祭祖敬神日的重要仪式。当“且”的“祭祖”本义消失后，甲骨文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/12/5/20211205094853481489.gif再加“示”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105726336210.png另造“祖”代替，表示祭祖日杀牲宰畜，族长平分肉食。金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/12/5/20211205094915224152.gif将甲骨文字形中的“示”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105726336210.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/12/5/20211205094931359618.gif。篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/12/5/20211205094940605089.gif将金文字形中的“示”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/12/5/20211205094931359618.gif写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/12/5/20211205095033715677.gif。造字本义：动词，祭奠先民，平分肉食。隶化后楷书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/12/5/20211205095045538223.gif将篆文字形中的“示”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/12/5/20211205095033715677.gif写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/12/5/20211205095109773376.gif。古籍常“祖宗”并称，泛指有血缘关系的先人，“祖”指后代所崇拜的最初血缘先人，中华始祖只存在于历史文化记忆之中；“宗”指同祖后代的分支，同一宗族的人往往具有现实的地理范围和具体的同一祭祀祠堂。
附一 文言版《説文解字》：祖，始廟也。从示，且聲。
附二 白话版《说文解字》：祖，祭拜最早先人的庙。字形采用“示”作边旁，采用“且”作声旁。
2.鲜：鮮，金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/7/24/20210724114220683858.gifhttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104348881803.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/7/24/20210724114228717009.gif（羊，借代深山旷野中的野生动物）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104348469105.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/7/24/20210724114240880241.gif（魚，借代江河湖海中的野生水产），表示深山旷野中的牛羊等野生动物、及江河湖海中的鱼虾等野生水产。篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/7/24/20210724114251772864.gif将金文的上下结构，调整成左右结构，将金文字形中的“羊”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/7/24/20210724114228717009.gif写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/7/24/20210724114314279453.gif，将金文字形中的“魚”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/7/24/20210724114240880241.gif写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/7/24/20210724114302529052.gif。造字本义：形容词，野生动物或野生鱼虾水产熬煮的膏汤，带给人的口味清新美妙的享受状态。隶化后楷书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104348927109.png将篆文字形中的“魚”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/7/24/20210724114302529052.gif写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104348659633.png，将篆文字形中的“羊”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/7/24/20210724114314279453.gif写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104348201459.png。《汉字简化方案》中的简体楷书“鲜”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104348657690.png，依据类推简化规则，将正体楷书字形中的“魚”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104348659633.png简化成“鱼”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104348192633.png。
附一 文言版《説文解字》：鮮，魚名。出貉國。从魚，羴省聲。
附二 白话版《说文解字》：鲜，一种鱼的名称。出产于貉国。字形采用“鱼”作边旁，用省略了两个“羊”的“羴”作声旁。
3.世：“丗、卋、世”是“卅”的异体字。十，既是声旁也是形旁，表示传统数学进制的满数，九加一之和。卅，甲骨文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111115616149.png是特殊指事字，字形在三道表示“十”的竖线指事符号https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111115746760.png下面再加一横指事符号https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111115860973.png，表示三个“十”相连相加，三十。金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111115158078.png在甲骨文字形中的竖笔指事符号https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111115887371.png上加一圆点指事符号，写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111115429974.png。有的金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111115454948.png将三竖笔画上的圆点连写成一横。篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111115200757.png写成由三个“十”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111115391895.png、https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111115597134.png、https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111115714321.png构成的会义字，明确“三十”的含义。隶书“丗”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111115792748.png将篆文字形中的三个“十”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111115391895.png、https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111115597134.png、https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111115714321.png连写成“卅”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111115769522.png，并在第一个“十”的竖笔上加一折笔，写成“七”形的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111115330878.png。有的隶书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111115434637.png承续金文字形https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111115158078.png：在三个“十”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111115152230.png下面加一横指事符号https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111115436291.png，表示三个十相加。楷书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111115117034.png简化字形，写成三个“十”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111115962172.png相连的结构。楷书异体字https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111115680224.png写成一个“十”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111115424747.png和一个“廿”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111115615694.png。由于“卅”的金文异体字“https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111115296566.png”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111115783011.png误将甲骨文字形中表示三个“十”的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111115616149.png写成“止”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111115755376.png，“卅”的字形分由此化出篆文的“https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111115948633.png”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111115200757.png和篆文的“https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111115296566.png”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111115190083.png；篆文“https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111115948633.png”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111115200757.png隶化后楷书写成“卅”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111115117034.png，篆文“https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111115296566.png”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111115190083.png未见相应的隶书和楷书字形，隶书字形“世”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111115680441.png是隶书字形“丗”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111115792748.png的演变发展；楷书异体字“丗”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111115812126.png是隶书字形“丗”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111115792748.png的楷化；楷书异体字“卋”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111115362847.png是隶书字形“卋”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111115434637.png的楷化。造字本义：数词，三十。古籍多以“世”代替“丗”和“卋”。现代汉语多以双音词“三十”代替单音单字的“卅”。
附一 文言版《説文解字》：世，三十年爲一世。从卅而曳長之。亦取其聲也。
附二 白话版《说文解字》：世，三十年算作一世。字形采用“”作字形根，通过拉长一竖而成。同时也采用作声旁。
4.下：“丅”是“下”的异体字。下，甲骨文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101015140981551.png是特殊指事字，字形由两横构成，顶端一横https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/6/17/20210617030309859013.gif较长，底端的一横https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/6/17/20210617030317388512.gif较短。古人用一横https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101015230484515.png代表混沌太初状态；用两横https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101015230122422.png（二，由两个“一”组成，两横一样长）代表从混沌太初中分化出来的、相并列的天与地。古人调整表示天与地、等长的两横https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101015230122422.png，以短横方向表示朝天、或朝地的方向。甲骨文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101015230147841.png将表示“天”的顶端横线写得较短，表示天、或朝天的方向；甲骨文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101015140981551.png将表示“地”的底端横线写成得较短，表示地、或朝地的方向。金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101015230162915.png承续甲骨文字形。金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101015230353918.png为区别于数目字“二”，在两横之间加一竖指事符号https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101015230978137.png，以显示纵的方向。篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101015230842678.png承续金文字形。造字本义：名词，与天相对的地。隶书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101015230635098.png承续金文字形。籀文异体字“丄”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101015230924770.png综合两款金文字形https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101015230162915.png、https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101015230353918.png，将金文字形顶端https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101015230162915.png的短横的短横https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101015230484515.png写成竖线https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101015140180668.png。古籍多以“下”代替“丅”。“上”的本义为天，“下”的本义为地。
附一 文言版《説文解字》：丅，底也。指事。下，篆文丅。
附二 白话版《说文解字》：丅，底部。这是指事字。下，篆文写法的“丅”字。
5.务：“敄”是“務”的本字。攴，既是声旁也是形旁，表示持械打击。敄，金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111042395549.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111042312151.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111042852320.png（矛，武器）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111042350415.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111042466241.png（攴，持械打击），表示持矛拼杀。当“敄”的本义消失后，繁体金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/4/20200104121409834395.png在“敄”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/4/20200104121409776044.png的基础上再加“力”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/4/20200104121409877323.png（竭力），强调在你死我活的搏杀中“竭尽全力”。篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111042620432.png将繁体金文的混合结构，调整成左右结构。造字本义：动词，手持矛盾戈戟，进行你死我活的竭力搏杀。隶书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104651662429.png将篆文字形中的“攴”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104651290886.png写成反“夂”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104651626621.png，将篆文字形中的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104651475926.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104651379158.png，将篆文字形中的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104651969297.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104651361936.png。《汉字简化方案》中的简体楷书“务”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104651524692.png，省去正体楷书字形中的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104651675898.png。古籍多以“務”代替“敄”。
附一 文言版《説文解字》：務，趣也。从力，敄聲。
附二 白话版《说文解字》：务，为使命而奔忙。字形采用“力”作边旁，采用“敄”作声旁。6.夺：雀，既是声旁也是形旁，表示小鸟。奪，金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104514291402.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104514822261.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104514159793.png（衣）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104514600124.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104514709502.png（雀，小鸟）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104514600124.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104514983619.png（又，抓抢），表示抓抢用衣物捕获的鸟雀。在人与自然和谐的远古时代，鸟类对人类的警惕性低，容易徒手捕捉，因此古人用衣服就可以在田野或草丛捕捉小鸟。篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104514209650.png误将金文字形中的“衣”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104514159793.png写成“大”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104514759486.png，误将篆文字形中的“雀”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104514709502.png写成“隹”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104514381665.png。造字本义：动词，争抢捕捉到的鸟雀。隶化后楷书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104514302230.png将篆文字形中的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104514759486.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104514793356.png，将篆文字形中的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104514381665.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104514247251.png，将篆文字形中的“又”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104514315789.png写成“寸”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104514698593.png。《汉字简化方案》中的简体楷书“夺”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104514923518.png，省去正体楷书字形中的“隹”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104514247251.png。附一 文言版《説文解字》：奪，手持隹失之也。从又，从奞。
附二 白话版《说文解字》：夺，手持的鸟雀被抢走。字形采用“又、奞”会义。
7.薄：溥，既是声旁也是形旁，表示水大、四处漫延。薄，篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020905475695.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020905774574.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020905974915.png（艸，野草）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020905156146.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020905163069.png（溥，漫延），表示草丛漫延生长。造字本义：名词，漫延生长的草丛。隶书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020905899606.png将篆文字形中的“艸”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020905974915.png写成“卄”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020905319343.png，将篆文字形中的“水”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020905628186.png写成“三点水”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020905165751.png。古籍常“菲薄”并用，表示轻视，“菲”指因为芳香不实用而看不起；“薄”表示因为分量不足而轻视。
附一 文言版《説文解字》：薄，林薄也。一曰蠶薄。从艸，溥聲。
附二 白话版《说文解字》：薄，林中草木丛生。一种说法认为“薄”是蠶薄。字形采用“艸”作边旁，采用“溥”作声旁。
8.匮：“匱”是“櫃”的本字。貴，既是声旁也是形旁，表示有价值。匱，篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111037273418.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111037322816.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111037778925.png（匚，没盖的盒子）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111037386108.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111037551424.png（貴，有价值的），表示收藏贵重物品的匣子。造字本义：名词，收藏贵重物品的匣子。隶化后楷书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111037637942.png将篆文字形中的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111037551424.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111037679800.png。《汉字简化方案》中的简体楷书“匮”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111037415174.png，依据类推简化规则，将正体楷书字形中的“貝”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111037505108.png简化成“贝”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111037245260.png。古籍中多用本字“匱”代替它的后起字“櫃”。
附一 文言版《説文解字》：匱，匣也。从匚，貴聲。
附二 白话版《说文解字》：匮，收藏宝物的匣子。字形采用“匚”作边旁，采用“贵”作声旁。
9.罕：干，既是声旁也是形旁，表示捕猎的木杈。罕，篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105014247791.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105014514568.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105014886042.png（网，捕鸟的网罩）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105014238530.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105014803019.png（干，猎兽的木杈），表示用网罩、干枪捕猎。造字本义：动词，捕获少见的奇特猎物。隶化后正体楷书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105014605786.png将“网”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105014886042.png写成“四”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105014988088.png；俗体楷书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105014524764.png误将正体楷书的“四”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105014988088.png写成“穴”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105014325787.png，以致“罕”字形中“网”的本义线索完全消失。
附一 文言版《説文解字》：罕，网也。从网，干聲。
附二 白话版《说文解字》：罕，捕鸟的罗网。字形采用“网”作边旁。采用“干”作声旁。
10.娭：矣，既是声旁也是形旁，是“唉”的省略，表示叹息。娭，篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/3/5/20210305021741326115.gifhttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104820506506.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/3/5/20210305021749698201.gif（女，妇女）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104820411056.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/3/5/20210305021756454802.gif（矣，即“唉”的省略，叹息），表示唠唠叨叨、唉声叹气的妇女。造字本义：名词，古代社会对那些常常为后生担忧而唠叨叹息的母辈或祖母辈妇女的俗称。隶化后楷书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/3/5/20210305021810291693.gif将篆文字形中的“女”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/3/5/20210305021749698201.gif写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/3/5/20210305021817498861.gif，将篆文字形中的“矣”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/3/5/20210305021756454802.gif写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/3/5/20210305021824422039.gif。古籍常假借“娭（āi）”代替读音相近的“嬉（xī）”或“熹（xī）”。
附加说明：由于“毑（jiě，她，对妇女的第三人称）”与“姐”（祖母）同音、而且含义相关，湘赣方言用“毑”代替“姐”，用“娭毑”称呼母辈或祖母辈的老年妇女。
附一 文言版《説文解字》：娭，戲也。从女矣聲。一曰卑賤名也。
附二 白话版《说文解字》：娭，嬉戏。字形采用“女”作边旁，采用“矣”作声旁。一种说法认为，“娭”是一种卑贱称呼
11.司：“司”与“后”同源，后分化。司，甲骨文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111118873568.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111118613161.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111118592233.png（卜，权杖）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111118904103.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111118564137.png（口，问审），表示问审判案。金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111118352760.png承续甲骨文字形。篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111118970421.png继承金文字形。造字本义：动词，掌权执法，判案施刑。隶化后楷书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111118743861.png继承篆文字形。有的金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111118864723.png加“爪”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111118506935.png（即手）、https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111118814848.png（打结的乱丝）、https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111118267011.png（十，“又”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111118306092.png的变形，表示用手抓），用双手解开乱丝，比喻庭审理清案情。当“司”的“掌权执法”本义消失后，篆文将“司”反写成“后”，表示母系时代掌握第一权力的女王。附一 文言版《説文解字》：司，臣司事於外者。从反后。凡司之屬皆从司。
附二 白话版《说文解字》：司，在外办事的官吏。字形采用反写的“后”字。所有与司相关的字，都采用“司”作边旁
12.庶：庶，甲骨文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101021024154528.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101021024504597.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101021024547031.png（宀，房屋）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101021024994085.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101021024680465.png（石，指石垒的灶）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101021024994085.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101021024218968.png（火，炊火），表示在家炊煮。有的甲骨文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101021024571740.png省去房屋“宀”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101021024547031.png。有的甲骨文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101021024495840.png将“石”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101021024680465.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101021024760805.png，将“火”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101021024218968.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101021024259797.png。金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101021024508846.png将甲骨文字形中的“火”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101021024259797.png简化成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101021024866221.png。篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101021024571732.png将金文字形中的“石”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101021024767802.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101021024613487.png，导致“石”形消失，本义线索隐晦。造字本义：动词，在家里开灶煮饭。隶书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101021024865839.png将篆文字形中的“火”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101021024980809.png写成“四点底”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101021024877595.png。
附一 文言版《説文解字》：庶，屋下眾也。从广、炗。炗，古文光字。
附二 白话版《说文解字》：庶，聚集在屋下的群众。字形采用“广、炗”会义。炗，是古文的“光”字。
二、翻译：百姓忠于君很容易，但君主爱民就鲜少了；君主爱民，百姓为君主效力。爱民的君主，重视百姓的耕种养蚕，不夺取劳作的时机；轻赋税，不抢夺百姓的财物；少徭役，不让百姓劳苦；这样就国家富裕家庭和睦，然后挑选贤才重用他们。所谓士，是英雄。所以说，网罗敌国人才敌国就会匮乏。人才是国家的枝干，人民，是国家的根本。获得他的干，收获他的本，则政令行驶没有怨恨。用兵的关键要点在于崇尚礼仪和重禄，崇尚礼仪，则有智慧的贤才就会到来；俸禄重，则义士不怕死。所以赏禄给贤才就不要吝啬财宝，奖赏功劳不能超过时机，那么全天下不管能力高低的人才都会来效力，敌国国力就被削弱了。用人之道，要尊崇、给予爵位、职权，赡给足够的财宝，那么人才自来；好好礼待，奖赏正义的所为，那么人才就会死心塌地地以命相保。
第一周 第六天
2023.2.24【原文】
夫将帅者，必与士卒同滋味而共安危，敌乃可加。故兵有全胜，敌有全因。昔者良将之用兵，有馈箪醪者，使投诸河与士卒同流而饮。夫一箪之醪不能味一河之水，而三军之士思为致死者，以滋味之及己也。《军谶》曰：“军井未达，将不言渴；军幕未办，将不言倦；军灶未炊，将不言饥。冬不服裘，夏不操扇，雨不张盖。”是谓将礼。与之安，与之危，故其众可合而不可离，可用而不可疲；以其恩素蓄，谋素合也。故蓄恩不倦，以一取万。
一、查字
1.滋：丝，既是声旁也是形旁，表示纺织品。滋，甲骨文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020741516540.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020741498578.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020741225604.png（渊，指水潭、大池）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020741648401.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020741447568.png（丝，丝品），表示将丝品浸泡在池中。古鈢https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020741239178.png将甲骨文字形中的“渊”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020741225604.png写成“水”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020741873328.png，将甲骨文字形中的包围结构写成左右结构。篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020741378635.png字形基本与古鈢字形一致。造字本义：动词，将丝品放在染池的色浆中慢慢浸染。隶书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020741127264.png将丝结https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020741819311.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020741773885.png；将篆文字形中的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020741945902.png写成“三点水”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020741478816.png。把丝品放在染池中浸染上色叫“滋”；为有色丝品局部添加花色叫“润”。
附一 文言版《説文解字》：滋，益也。从水，兹聲。一曰滋水，出牛飲山白陘谷，東入呼沱。
附二 白话版《说文解字》：滋，补益。字形采用“水”作边旁，采用“兹”作声旁。一种说法认为，“滋”是河川，源出牛饮山白陉谷，向东流入呼沱河。
2.味：未，既是声旁也是形旁，表示将要但还没发生。味，篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101022840775906.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101022840440589.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101022840618221.png（口，吞咽）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101022840613177.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101022840161641.png（未，还没发生），表示尝而未吞。造字本义：动词，正式进食之前品尝食物。隶书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101022840417450.png将篆文字形中的“未”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101022840161641.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101022840801158.png。
附一 文言版《説文解字》：味，滋味也。从口，未聲。
附二 白话版《说文解字》：味，滋味。字形采用“口”作边旁，“未”作声旁。
3.加：加，金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023243797755.png疑为“https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023243488038.png”（即“嘉”）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023243335505.png的金文字形之省略，是“嘉”的本字。https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023243488038.png，金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023243335505.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023243274705.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023243617697.png（力，极力）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023243590181.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023243788326.png（https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023243930852.png，即“https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023243620690.png”的省略，亦即“龠”的省略，吹奏多管多孔的排笛），表示竭力吹笙击鼓。当“https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023243488038.png”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023243335505.png省略了“https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023243930852.png”、被简化为“加”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023243797755.png之后，金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023243244845.png再加“壴”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023243322012.png（鼓）另造“嘉”代替，明确“吹笙击鼓”的本义。篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023243709898.png将金文字形中手臂形的“力”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023243301238.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023243674495.png，淡化了手形；同时将金文的上下结构调整成左右结构。造字本义：动词，在丰收庆典的颂神仪式上，竭力吹笙击鼓，狂欢礼赞。隶化后楷书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023243308204.png将篆文字形中的“力”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023243674495.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023243769051.png，手形消失。
附一 文言版《説文解字》：加，語相增加也。从力，从口。
附二 白话版《说文解字》：加，说话夸张。字形采用“力、口”会义。
4.因：囗，既是声旁也是形旁，是甲骨文“https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/4/13/20220413054142919813.gif”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/4/14/20220414035233450335.gif（xí）的省略；甲骨文“https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/4/13/20220413054142919813.gif”是“𠩛”的本字，而“𠩛”是“席”的本字。因，甲骨文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/1/8/20220108062327472007.gifhttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104807206208.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/1/8/20220108062334589769.gif（“https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/4/13/20220413054142919813.gif”的省略，是“𠩛”即“席”的本字）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104807484113.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/1/8/20220108062343174212.gif（大，成人，休息者），表示成人在席上坐卧休息。金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/1/8/20220108062405330450.gif承续甲骨文字形。篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/1/8/20220108062425330355.gif将甲骨文字形中的“大”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/1/8/20220108062343174212.gif写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/1/8/20220108062433850965.gif。造字本义：动词，坐或躺在席子上，以阻隔或减缓地面湿气对身体健康的损害。隶化后楷书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/1/8/20220108062445740071.gif将篆文字形中的“大”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/1/8/20220108062433850965.gif写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/1/8/20220108062503817978.gif。
附一 文言版《説文解字》：因，就也。从囗、大。
附二 白话版《说文解字》：因，就近依凭。字形采用“囗、大”会义。
5.馈：貴，既是声旁也是形旁，是“遺”的省略，表示赠送。饋，金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104838202626.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104838210561.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104838718797.png（辵，“遗”省略，赠送）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104838782529.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104838727015.png（食），表示前往赠送美食。有的金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104838533792.png以“贵”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104838112109.png代替“辵”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104838718797.png（遗）。篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104838533807.png承续金文字形https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104838533792.png。造字本义：动词，奉送美食，敬献享用。隶化后楷书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104838654644.png将篆文字形中的“食”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104838594313.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104838825491.png，误将篆文字形中的“臾”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104838405818.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104838540153.png。《汉字简化方案》中的简体楷书“馈”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104838267242.png，依据类推简化规则，将正体楷书字形中的“食”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104838825491.png简化成“饣”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104838364894.png，将正体楷书字形中的“貴”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104838282486.png简化成“贵”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104838701527.png。
附一 文言版《説文解字》：饋，餉也。从食，貴聲。
附二 白话版《说文解字》：馈，向他人赠送食物。字形采用“食”作边旁，采用“贵”作声。
6.箪：
箪”的字源解说我评站长的解说： 1分2分3分4分5分
网友总评： 0分
單，既是声旁也是形旁，表示用于发射的攻击性弹丸。簞，篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101021517182563.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101021517232845.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101021517115862.png（竹）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101021517151801.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101021517387547.png（单，用于发射的攻击性弹丸），表示装弹丸的竹筐。造字本义：名词，古代士兵用来装弹丸的小竹筐；艰苦行军途中也可用作临时盛饭的餐具，“箪食瓢饮”形容生活条件极为简陋。隶化后楷书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101021517123012.png将篆文字形中的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101021517115862.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101021517405424.png。《汉字简化方案》中的简体楷书“箪”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101021517924491.png，依据类推简化规则，将正体楷书字形中的“單”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101021517954672.png简化成“单”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101021517320146.png。
附一 文言版《説文解字》：簞，笥也。从竹，單聲。漢律令：簞，小筐也。《傳》曰：“簞食壺漿。”
附二 白话版《说文解字》：箪，笥，小竹筐。字形采用“竹”作边旁，采用“ 单”作声旁。汉朝的律令说，箪是小竹筐。有一本《传》说：“用箪盛饭，用壶盛酒。”
7.醪：翏，既是声旁也是形旁，是“寥”的省略，表示稀少。醪，篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104934195410.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104934421680.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104934626898.png（酉，即酒）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104934696328.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104934657371.png（翏，即“寥”），表示少糟的米酒。造字本义：名词，少糟的米酒。隶化后楷书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104934885791.png将篆文字形中的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104934626898.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104934228487.png，将篆文字形中的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104934657371.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104934462546.png。`
附一 文言版《説文解字》：醪，汁滓酒也。从酉，翏聲。
附二 白话版《说文解字》：醪，汁和渣相混合的酒。字形采用“酉”作边旁，字形采用“翏”作声旁。
8.合：合，甲骨文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023204908719.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023204644924.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023204164560.png（口，向下的张开的嘴巴）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023204496209.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023204535512.png（口，向上张开的嘴巴），表示两口相接。金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023204685786.png、篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023204325513.png承续甲骨文字形。造字本义：动词，接吻亲嘴，调情相爱。隶书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023204240986.png将篆文字形上部的“口”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023204938056.png拆写成“人”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023204151643.png、“一”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023204256201.png的组合结构。
附一 文言版《説文解字》：合，合口也。从亼，从口。
附二 白话版《说文解字》：合，口相合。字形采用“亼、口”会义。
9.离：禽，既是声旁也是形旁，是“擒”的本字，表示捕鸟。離，甲骨文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104941715708.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104941702398.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104941716401.png（隹，飞鸟）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104941293457.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104941761381.png（禽，即“擒”，捕鸟），表示用网罩抓捕飞鸟。简体甲骨文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104941406979.png将“禽”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104941761381.png简化为https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104941231585.png。繁体甲骨文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104941634361.png再加“又”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104941225024.png（抓捕），强调“擒捕”的含义。金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104941765555.png用“林”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104941443148.png（树林）代替甲骨文字形中的“隹”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104941716401.png，表示在林中捕鸟，并将甲骨文字形中的“禽”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104941761381.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104941330234.png。篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104941475543.png用“屮”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104941984284.png（草丛）代替金文字形中的“林”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104941443148.png（树林），表示在草丛捕鸟。繁体篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104941558114.png综合甲骨文字形和金文字形，加“隹”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104941216783.png。造字本义：动词，鸟儿落入猎人抓捕的网罩。简体隶书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104941902189.png承续简体篆文结构，将篆文字形中的“屮”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104941984284.png（草丛）简写成一点一横的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104941470708.png，将篆文字形中的“禽”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104941224241.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104941843957.png。繁体隶书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104941403579.png承续繁体篆文结构。古籍多以“離”代替“离”。《汉字简化方案》中的简体楷书“离”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104941773944.png，采用简体隶书字形。
附一 文言版《説文解字》：離，黃倉庚也。鳴則蠶生。从隹，离聲。
附二 白话版《说文解字》：离，就是离黃，仓庚鸟。仓庚鸟鸣噪的季节，蠢虫就四处繁生了。字形采用“隹”作边旁，采用“离”作声旁。
10.蓄：“稸”是“蓄”的异体字。畜，既是声旁也是形旁，表示储备，积聚。蓄，篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101021152385200.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101021152104562.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101021152766757.png（艸，遮蔽、隐藏）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101021152487049.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101021152149494.png（畜，储备、积聚），表示积聚并隐藏。造字本义：动词，积聚并隐藏，储藏。隶书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101021152155406.png将篆文字形中的“艸”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101021152766757.png写成“卄”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101021152351673.png，将篆文字形中的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101021152149494.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101021152710056.png。古籍多以“蓄”代替“稸”。
附一 文言版《説文解字》：蓄，積也。从艸，畜聲。
附二 白话版《说文解字》：蓄，积聚。字形采用“艸”作边旁，采用“畜”作声旁。
二、翻译：身为将帅，必须与士卒同甘苦，共死生，才可与敌作战。率领这样的军队和敌国作战，一定能够全胜，不管是怎样的敌人，敌人如何作战，我军都可以打败他们。以往良将用兵，有人送给他一坛美酒，他让人倒在河中，与士卒同流而饮。一坛酒不能使一河之水都有酒味，三军的士兵共饮了河里的水，却愿意效死力战，是将帅与士卒们共同的命运紧紧地连在了一起，是生死与共的滋味打动了大家的心。《军谶》说：军井没有打好，将帅不能喊口渴；帐篷没有搭好，将帅不能喊累；饭菜没有烧好，将帅不能喊饿。将帅冬天不能嫌冷，穿裘衣御寒；百天不能嫌热，摇扇纳凉；下雨天不能怕淋雨，撑伞避雨。这就是所说的“将礼”。能与士卒同甘苦，共患难，军队便会万众一心，对敌作战也会越战越勇，而不知疲倦，既不怕苦也不怕牺牲。将帅平时视士卒们为自己的手足兄弟，同呼吸共命运，总是设身处地地为他们着想，关心他们。所以说：将帅一直这么长期持续地对士卒们好，他的军队打起仗来就能以一敌万。
第二周 第一天
2023.2.26《军谶》曰：“良将之统军也，恕己而治人，推惠施恩，士力日新，战如风发，攻如河决。”故其众可望而不可当，可下而不可胜。以身先人，故其兵为天下雄。
《军谶》曰：“军以赏为表，以罚为里。”赏罚明，则将威行；官人得，则士卒服；所任贤，则敌国震。
一、查字
1. 良：“良”是“琅”的本字；“瑯”、“郎”、“廊”都是“琅”的异体字。良，甲骨文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105800958249.png是象形字，字形像宫殿https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105800455080.png两侧迂回曲折的游廊https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105800640840.png、https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105800998599.png。有的甲骨文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105800152905.png将表示宫殿区域的“囗”形https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105800455080.png写成“日”形https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105800122992.png，将曲折的游廊https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105800640840.png、https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105800998599.png简化成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105800810154.png、https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105800417812.png。金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105800563991.png将甲骨文字形中的曲折的游廊https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105800640840.png、https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105800998599.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105800300475.png、https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105800943057.png，像是分段加关的游廊通道。篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105800813426.png将金文字形中的游廊通道https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105800300475.png、https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105800943057.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105800227217.png、https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105800642911.png。有的篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105800514617.png有所变形。有的篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105800346632.png突出走廊迂回的形状。有的篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105800748464.png突出宫殿内部的多室结构。造字本义：名词，宫殿区内精美的玉砌廷廊，是古代帝王侍卫、侍从、顾问、医师等听候召唤的所在。隶书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105800130594.png变形较大，篆文字形上下两端的回廊形状消失。当“良”的本义消失后，金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105800379500.png加“王”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105800619406.png（玉）另造“琅”代替，强调宫殿廷廊的玉石材质。当“琅”的本义消失后，楷书异体字https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105800958936.png加“双耳旁”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105800202775.png（邑，城，指宫殿区）另造“瑯”代替，强调宫殿区内的玉砌廷廊。楷书异体字https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105800629829.png省去“王”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105800942892.png（玉）写成“郎”，表示在宫殿廷廊随时听任帝王召唤的侍卫、顾问、医师。当“瑯”和“郎”的本义都消失后，篆文异体字https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105800307295.png在“郎”字https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105800413574.png基础上再加加“广”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105800428787.png（开放式建筑）另造“廊”代替，强调宫殿廷廊建筑的半开放性质。
2. 统：充，既是声旁也是形旁，表示满、全部。統，篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105150564333.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105150440646.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105150236287.png（糸，系、绑）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105150526619.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105150842366.png（充，满，全），表示全部绑住。造字本义：动词，将全部丝线系在一起。隶化后楷书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105150186227.png将篆文字形中的“糸”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105150236287.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105150718254.png，将篆文字形中的“糸”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105150842366.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105150409625.png。《汉字简化方案》中的简体楷书“统”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105150108791.png，依据类推简化规则，将正体楷书字形中的“糹”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105150718254.png简化成“纟”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105150765034.png。
3. 恕：“㣽”是“恕”的异体字。如，既是声旁也是形旁，表示一致、相同。恕，金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/9/11/20210911014034737919.gifhttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105219646284.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/9/11/20210911014041737581.gif（如，同）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105219340004.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/9/11/20210911014047415774.gif（心，心情），表示同心，即同情、同理，站在对方立场去感受。篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/9/11/20210911125157754585.gif将金文字形中的“如”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/9/11/20210911014041737581.gif写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/9/11/20210911125204497735.gif，将金文字形中的“心”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/9/11/20210911014047415774.gif写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/9/11/20210911125212286137.gif。造字本义：动词，抱同情、同理之心，站在对方立场去感受，并原谅、宽容对方造成的错误和伤害。隶化后楷书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/9/11/20210911125222809573.gif将篆文字形中的“如”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/9/11/20210911125204497735.gif写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/9/11/20210911125230298662.gif，将篆文字形中的“心”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/9/11/20210911125212286137.gif写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/9/11/20210911125237774489.gif。金文异体字“㣽”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/9/11/20210911013743925547.gif将金文字形中的“如”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/9/11/20210911014041737581.gif省略成“女”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/9/11/20210911013753432066.gif。古籍多以“恕”代替“㣽”。儒家提倡在处理社会关系时遵循“忠恕”之道，以达成封建时代农业大国的社会秩序和谐稳定——“忠”指充满敬意维护上级，用心专一；“恕”指推已及人，抱持同情同理之心包容下级。
4. 治：治，篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020300524262.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020300129839.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020300734018.png（水，洪汛）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020300382560.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020300559548.png（台，通“臺”，土石堆筑的坝堤），表示筑堤防洪。造字本义：动词，开凿水道，修筑堤坝，疏水防洪。隶书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020300624324.png将篆文字形中的“水”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020300734018.png写成“三点水”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020300850072.png，将篆文字形中的“台”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020300559548.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020300974690.png。
5. 惠：惠，金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104905985303.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104905945219.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104905968031.png（叀，纺纱的转轮，借代纺织）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104905298409.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104905392760.png（心，表示善良温柔），表示女子纺纱织布，操持家务。篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104905833634.png承续金文字形。造字本义：形容词，女子心灵手巧，善良温柔，且心地美好，与人为善。隶书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104905653715.png将篆文字形中的“叀”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104905857393.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104905391052.png，将篆文字形中的“心”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104905812066.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104905221921.png。古人称大臣善于组织管理为“贤”，称女子心灵手巧为“惠”。
6. 恩：因，既是声旁也是形旁，表示依靠。恩，金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105205239197.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105205412259.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105205153450.png（因，依靠）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105205208439.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105205702357.png（心，感激），表示感激依靠。篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105205224731.png将金文字形中的“心”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105205702357.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105205633065.png。造字本义：名词，内心所感激的借以渡过难关的外来帮助。隶化后楷书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/2/19/20200219102427340816.gif将篆文字形中的“因”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/2/19/20200219111619178882.gif写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/2/19/20200219111337973902.gif，将篆文字形中的“心”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105205633065.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/2/19/20200219111346529433.gif。
7. 新：“辛”是“新”的本字；而“新”又是“薪”的本字。辛，甲骨文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105723185359.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105723121043.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105723664418.png（像刀刃）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105723845962.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105723728259.png（木，原木），表示加刃于木，即用刀斧劈柴。当“辛”的“劈柴”动词本义消失后，甲骨文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105723255428.png再加“斤”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105723231959.png（斧子）另造“新”代替，强调用刀斧劈开原木。有的甲骨文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105723945463.png将“辛”字https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105723185359.png中的“木”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105723728259.png简化成“屮”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105723445384.png。原木的表皮通常灰暗而多褶皱，而劈开后木心所呈现的，却白晳而平滑，并且富于清新宜人的自然气息，因此“新”从“劈柴”的动词本义引申出“开辟性的、前所未有的”形容词含义。金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105723818575.png将甲骨文字形中的“辛”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105723185359.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105723118649.png，将甲骨文字形中的“斤”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105723231959.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105723253406.png。篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105723872496.png将金文字形中的“辛”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105723118649.png写成“亲”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105723925484.png，将金文字形中的“斤”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105723253406.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105723867116.png。造字本义：动词，用锋利的刀斧将原木劈成两半，备作柴薪。隶书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105723214394.png将篆文字形中的“亲”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105723925484.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105723664940.png，将篆文字形中的“斤”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105723867116.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105723155985.png。当“新”的本义消失后，篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105723204265.png再加“卄”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/3/14/20200314024224898160.gif（草木）另造“薪”代替。
8. 发：“髪”是“https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104601433189.png”的异体字；“发”是“髪”的简化字。犮，既是声旁也是形旁，是“跋”的本字，表示狗突然拔腿奔跑。https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104601433189.png，金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/12/22/20211222044253484298.gifhttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104601794626.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/12/22/20211222044302728286.gif（犮，即“跋”的本字，狗拔腿奔跑）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104601570961.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/12/22/20211222044312968729.gif（首，顶部长有长毛的人的头部），表示人拔腿奔跑时头上飞扬的长毛。有的金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/12/22/20211222044449808656.gif将“犮”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/12/22/20211222044302728286.gif写成“犬”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/12/22/20211222044503928568.gif。篆文“https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104601658921.png”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/12/22/20211222044522887724.gif将金文字形中的“首”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/12/22/20211222044312968729.gif写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/12/22/20211222044842609924.gif，将金文字形中犬的奔跑形象https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/12/22/20211222044302728286.gif明确写成“犮”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/12/22/20211222044543747523.gif（跋），强调“https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104601433189.png”与“跋”的关系。篆文异体字“髪”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/12/22/20211222044613936034.gif误将“犮”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/12/22/20211222044543747523.gif写成“犬”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/12/22/20211222044758365989.gif，并用“髟”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/12/22/20211222044852140561.gif（动物头上飞扬的长毛）代替“首”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/12/22/20211222044842609924.gif，强调人急奔时头上飞扬的“长毛”。造字本义：名词，人或动物头上的长毛。隶化后楷书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/12/22/20211222045007278507.gif将篆文字形中的“髟”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/12/22/20211222044852140561.gif写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/12/22/20211222051457202353.gif，将篆文字形中误写的“犬”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/12/22/20211222044758365989.gif恢复成“犮”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/12/22/20211222045051480589.gif（跋）。简体草书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/12/22/20211222045123408832.gif将楷书字形中的“髟”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/12/22/20211222051457202353.gif省略成“彡”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/12/22/20211222051552632781.gif，并将楷书字形中的“彡”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/12/22/20211222051552632781.gif简化成一点https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/12/22/20211222045337891310.gif，将楷书字形中的“犮”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/12/22/20211222045051480589.gif写成“友”字形的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/12/22/20211222045843451721.gif。《汉字简化方案》中的简体楷书“发”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104601276490.png，依据草书字形https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/12/22/20211222045123408832.gif大幅简化，导致“长毛”的本义线索消失。古籍多以“髪”代替“https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104601433189.png”。《汉字简化方案》用“发”（髪）合并代替读音相近、但字形与含义毫不相关的“發”。
9. 胜：“胜”是“鮏”的异体字；而“腥”是“胜”的异体字。生，既是声旁也是形旁，是“性”的省略或假借，表示事物与生俱来的本质特征。鮏，甲骨文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104543921498.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104543756846.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104543246659.png（自，鼻，嗅、闻）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104543105884.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104543813577.png（鱼，水生动物），表示从生鱼嗅到的难闻气味。有的甲骨文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104543601537.png简化字形，用“生”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104543236477.png（“性”的省略）代替“自”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104543246659.png（鼻子、嗅觉），表示鱼类难闻的骚臊特性。篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104543248158.png将甲骨文字形中的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104543780141.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104543359990.png，将甲骨文字形中的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104543236477.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104543728391.png。篆文异体字“胜”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104543281747.png用“肉”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104543989491.png（动物的有机组织）代替“鱼”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104543359990.png，强调野生动物发臊的普遍特性。有的篆文异体字“腥”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104543290099.png用近音的“星”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104543737153.png（xīng）代替“生”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104543881112.png（性 xìng ）。隶化后楷书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104543703229.png将篆文字形中的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104543802902.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104543686278.png，将篆文字形中的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104543316348.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104543286908.png。造字本义：形容词，鱼等野生动物发出的气味，粗浊呛鼻，恶臊难闻。“胜”被异体字“腥”代替之后，“胜”字中本该读“性”（ xìng ）的“生”，被误读成 shēng 。而《汉字简化方案》则用字形简单、字音相近的“胜”合并代替字义毫不相关的“勝”。
10. 雄：厷，既是声旁也是形旁，是“肱”的本字，表示健壮有力的、富于男性特征的。雄，篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104359575576.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104359329878.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104359217486.png（厷，即“肱”，男性的）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104359113038.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104359470372.png（隹，鸟），比喻像男人一样有支配力的公鸟。造字本义：名词，公鸟。隶化后楷书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104359816524.png将篆文字形中的“厷”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104359217486.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104359428285.png，将篆文字形中的“隹”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104359470372.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104359693469.png。古人称阳性的鸟为“雄”；称阴性的鸟为“雌”。在古人眼里，“英雄”是杰出的生灵：“英”是植物中的精华，“雄”是动物中的精灵。
11. 表：表，甲骨文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105734105485.png是象形字，字形像兽毛朝外的皮衣，像衣服https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105734479813.png外部披着兽毛https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105734238996.png。篆文写成会义结构：https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105734699801.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105734526019.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/3/16/20200316070125846061.gif（衣，服装）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105734854539.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/3/16/20200316070133546742.gif（毛，动物的毛发），强调“表”的“毛皮”材质。造字本义：名词，用动物毛皮制成的外衣。隶化后楷书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/3/16/20200316065739417716.gif误将篆文字形中“衣”的上部https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/3/16/20200316070604156795.gif和“毛”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/3/16/20200316070133546742.gif所构成的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/3/16/20200316070614695917.gif简写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/3/16/20200316065911963295.gif，将篆文字形中“衣”的下部https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/3/16/20200316065830448794.gif写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/3/16/20200316065900377468.gif，以致兽“毛”形状完全消失。
12. 里：里，金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020411116748.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020411906952.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020411911905.png（田，畴亩）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020411906272.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020411398595.png（土，借代地面、墙体，民居），表示赖以生存的住宅与田地。篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020411869763.png承续金文字形。造字本义：名词，田园，居住、耕种、生活的地方。隶书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/10/3/20211003040812450929.gif承续篆文字形。“里”作为居住区，与外部世界相对，有“内部”的意思；《汉字简化方案》用“里”合并“裏”。
13。威：威，金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104633994924.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104633469429.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104633928304.png（戌，刑具）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104633589757.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104633182221.png（女，女子），表示对女子施刑。有的金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104633464673.png将“戌”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104633928304.png简写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104633693179.png。篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104633377747.png承续金文字形。造字本义：动词，封建时代对不守妇道的女子施刑，以警示妇女遵守妇道。隶化后楷书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104633865321.png将篆文字形中的“戌”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104633852786.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104633699311.png，将篆文字形中的“女”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/8/13/20200813020005689954.gif写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104633157605.png。
14. 服：“https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104456436040.png”是“服”的本字。https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104456436040.png，甲骨文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104456134144.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104456872276.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104456990297.png（人，罪人）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104456103176.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104456340109.png（又，抓捕、控制），表示抓捕罪犯。当“https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104456436040.png”作为单纯字件后，甲骨文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104456537159.png再加“凡”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104456267826.png（方形木枷）另造“服”代替，强调抓捕罪犯，并用刑枷加以控制。金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104456225814.png承续甲骨文字形。有的金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104456987742.png误将“凡”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104456267826.png（木枷）写成“舟”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104456278084.png。篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104456373992.png将金文字形中的“舟”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104456278084.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104456581218.png，将金文字形中的“人”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104456349838.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104456400034.png。造字本义：动词，抓捕战俘或罪犯，强制上枷，使之屈从。隶书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104456127232.png误将篆文字形中的“舟”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104456581218.png写成“月”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104456873142.png，将篆文字形的“人https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104456400034.png”写成“卪”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104456411888.png，将篆文字形中的“又”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104456813969.png写成“乂”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104456740293.png，以致字形面目全非。古籍多以“服”代替“https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104456436040.png”。
15. 震：辰，既是声旁也是形旁，是“振”的省略。震，甲骨文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101015156330329.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101015156133957.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101015156616501.png（辰，即“振”）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101015156991828.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101015156480195.png（双腿发抖，两点指事符号表示颤抖），表示天雷振撼天地，令人恐惧发抖。金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101015156492963.png加“雷”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101015156674286.png，强调“打雷”的“震源”。籀文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101015156582116.png以“雨”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101015156981844.png（天象）代替“雷”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101015156674286.png，强调天象含义。篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101015156581821.png承续籀文字形。造字本义：动词，打雷，撼动天地。隶书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101015156890248.png将篆文字形中的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101015156917268.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101015156853685.png。“震”的本义是雷撼天地；“振”的本义是奋力挥锄。
二、翻译
《军谶》说：“擅长带兵打仗的主将统帅全军，会由己及人治理军队，要求士兵做到什么就先自己做到，自己想要什么就让士兵获得什么。将好处推给士兵们共享，布施恩惠给士兵们，士兵的战力就会日日新、士气高涨，战斗的时候就像风一样迅疾，进攻就像河水决堤一样势不可挡。”所以像这样的军队只能看着对方进攻过来无法抵御，只能投降吃败仗而无法战胜。主将自身奋勇当先，所以他的军队就是天下雄兵。 《军谶》说：“军队以赏的方法为表、为皮毛，以罚为里、为保持底线的根本手段。”赏罚分明，罚杀大权之人以震慑三军，奖赏微小之处以竞相立功，那么主将的威权就立起来了、通行起来了；由通过扎实的军功一步步升职的官人来管理军队，士兵心服口服；军队管理者都是任用的有真才实干的贤才，那么就能震慑敌国。
第二周 第三天
2023.2.28
【原文】
《军谶》曰：“将谋欲密，士众欲一，攻敌欲疾。”将谋密，则奸心闭；士众一，则军心结；攻敌疾，则备不及设。军有此三者，则计不夺。将谋泄，则军无势；外窥内，则祸不制；财入营，则众奸会。将有此三者，军必败。将无虑，则谋士去；将无勇，则吏士恐；将妄动，则军不重。将迁怒，则一军惧。
《军谶》曰：“虑也，勇也，将之所重；动也，怒也，将之所用。”此四者，将之明诫也。
《军谶》曰：“军无财，士不来；军无赏，士不往。”
《军谶》曰：“香饵之下，必有悬鱼；重赏之下，必有死夫。”
故礼者，士之所归；赏者，士之所死。招其所归，示其所死，则求者至。故礼而后悔者士不止；赏而后悔者士不使。礼赏不倦，则士争死。
【查字】
1. 贤：“臤”是“賢”的本字。臤，甲骨文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111122343752.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111122706755.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023343949450.png（臣，官吏）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111122327167.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111122958513.png（又，抓持，把控），表示管理官吏。金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111122375213.png承续甲骨文字形。当“臤”作为单纯字件后，金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111122380835.png再加“貝”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111122536284.png（钱财，借代国家或地方政府的财政）另造“賢”代替，表示管理官吏与财政。篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111122222480.png承续金文字形。造字本义：形容词，德才超群，善于管理人才与财政，富国强民。隶化后楷书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111122324165.png将篆文字形中的“臤”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023343547289.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111122574423.png，将篆文字形中的“貝”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111122544691.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111122469569.png。《汉字简化方案》中的简体楷书“贤”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111122931000.png，依据类推简化规则，将正体楷书字形中的“臤”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111122574423.png简化成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111122747749.png，将正体楷书字形中的“貝”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111122469569.png简化成“贝”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111122560252.png。古籍多以“贤”代替“臤”。古人称大臣善于管理组织为“贤”，称女子心灵手巧为“惠”。2. 适：啻，既是声旁也是形旁，表示最高话语权。適，金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111042259153.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111042433601.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111042849444.png（帝，即“啻”的省略，最高话语权）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111042986214.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111042243417.png（辵，前行），表示尊令而行。篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111042658269.png将文字字形中的“帝”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111042849444.png写成“啻”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111042459091.png，将金文字形中的“辵”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111042243417.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/9/29/20220929024711632672.gif。造字本义：动词，古代诸侯国按最高人才标准精选出的贡士，遵令往赴中央朝廷。隶化后楷书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111042349283.png将篆文字形中的“啻”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111042459091.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111042897966.png，将篆文字形中的“辵”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/9/29/20220929024711632672.gif写成“走之底”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111042930885.png。《汉字简化方案》中的简体楷书“适”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111042649337.png，依据类推简化规则，将正体楷书字形中的“啻”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111042897966.png简化成“舌”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111042742272.png。
3. 骄：喬，既是声旁也是形旁，表示高。驕，甲骨文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023245905816.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023245989042.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023245156795.png（喬，高）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023245992203.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023245210158.png（馬，力畜），表示马匹高大。金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023245427740.png将甲骨文字形中的“喬”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023245156795.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023245414274.png，将甲骨文字形中的“馬”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023245210158.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023245729095.png。造字本义：形容词，马匹高大。篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023245384592.png承续金文字形。隶化后楷书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023245847048.png将篆文字形中的“馬”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023245555388.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023245659011.png，将篆文字形中的“喬”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023245778733.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023245592348.png。《汉字简化方案》中的简体楷书“骄”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023245631908.png，依据类推简化规则，将正体楷书字形中的“馬”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023245659011.png简化成“马”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023245985907.png，将正体楷书字形中的“喬”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023245592348.png简写成“乔”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023245415073.png。
4. 疑：“https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/7/14/20210714043258462047.gif”是“疑”的本字。https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/7/14/20210714043258462047.gif，甲骨文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/7/14/20210714043447865071.gifhttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111132494435.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/7/14/20210714043455991702.gif（口，嘴）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111132929616.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/7/14/20210714043510581985.gif（大，成年人），表示张嘴问话。有的甲骨文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/7/14/20210714043607978482.gif像行路人拄杖https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/7/14/20210714043656458376.gif的行路人张嘴问话https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/7/14/20210714043714911235.gif。繁体甲骨文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/7/14/20210714043841640326.gif加“亍”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/7/14/20210714043858691308.gif（“行”的省略，四通大道），强调行路人在十字路口询问方向。金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/7/14/20210714044143469334.gif加“止”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/7/14/20210714044152186607.gif（即“趾”的本字，借代脚板），将甲骨文字形中的“亍”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/7/14/20210714043858691308.gif写成“辵”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/7/14/20210714044229575916.gif，加“牛”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/7/14/20210714044240872123.gif（疑为“屰”的误写，即“逆”的本义，反向迎面而来），表示向迎面而来的人问路。篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/7/14/20210714044337250664.gif省去金文字形中的“彳”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/7/14/20210714044624119942.gif，误将金文字形中的“https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/7/14/20210714044653722428.gif”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/7/14/20210714044709110349.gif写成“https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/7/14/20210714044720222662.gif”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/7/14/20210714044736277435.gif，误将金文字形中的“口”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/7/14/20210714045007117954.gif写成“匕”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/7/14/20210714044839703413.gif，误将金文字形中的“大”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/7/14/20210714045020993363.gif写成“矢”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/7/14/20210714044858370685.gif；用“子”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/7/14/20210714045106116227.gif（儿童）代替金文字形中的“牛”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/7/14/20210714044240872123.gif，表示小孩迷路。造字本义：动词，在十字路口不知所往。隶化后楷书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/7/14/20210714045150334005.gif将篆文字形中的“https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/7/14/20210714044720222662.gif”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/7/14/20210714044736277435.gif写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/7/14/20210714045215424783.gif，将篆文字形中的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/7/14/20210714045250928926.gif写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/7/14/20210714045231837117.gif。古籍多以“疑”代替“https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/7/14/20210714043258462047.gif”。“疑”生于对外部的无知，致知即可释疑；“惑”生于内心的混乱，心乱生于贪欲——“四十不惑”，是指人到中年后能够看清自己真正的欲求而获得明智。
5. 奋：奮，金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/3/17/20210317072238322450.gifhttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105730492605.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/3/17/20210317072245246020.gif（衣，服装）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105730194503.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/3/17/20210317072859121912.gif（隹，鸟雀）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105730194503.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/3/17/20210317072259843396.gif（田，田野），表示用衣服捕捉田间草丛的鸟雀。远古时代天人无界，鸟雀多且不惧人类，所以容易徒手捕捉。篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/3/17/20210317072308475677.gif 用“大”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/3/17/20210317072315720855.gif（农人）代替金文字形中的“衣”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/3/17/20210317072245246020.gif，将金文字形中的“隹”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/3/17/20210317072859121912.gif写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/3/17/20210317072334944081.gif。造字本义：动词，农夫用衣物全力捕捉田野草丛中的鸟雀。隶化后楷书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/3/17/20210317072349450236.gif将篆文字形中的“大”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/3/17/20210317072315720855.gif写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/3/17/20210317072359309128.gif，将篆文字形中的“隹”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/3/17/20210317072334944081.gif写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/3/17/20210317072405470995.gif。《汉字简化方案》中的简体楷书“奋”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105730634677.png，省去正体楷书字形中的“隹”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/3/17/20210317072405470995.gif，大大简化了字形，也失去了本义的线索。
6. 命：“令”与“命”同源，后分化。令，甲骨文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023100183084.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023100512753.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023100146455.png（朝下的“口”）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023100978905.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023100579074.png（㔾，即“人”等候指示的下级），表示上级居高临下地对下级发话。当“令”成为常规名词后，金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023100230268.png再加“口”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023100941361.png另造“命”，代替“令”的本义动词功能，强调“开口发令”。篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023100410905.png承续金文字形。造字本义：动词，上级向下级开口发话，作出权威性指示。隶化后楷书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/9/7/20210907115515959541.gif误将篆文字形中的“㔾”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/9/8/20210908122823703909.gif写成“单耳旁”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/9/8/20210908123249416967.gif。
7. 清：青，既是声旁也是形旁，是“倩”的省略，表示美丽、漂亮。清，金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/3/6/20220306092039469374.gifhttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020535256855.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/3/6/20220306092047679892.gif（水，水体）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020535120768.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/3/6/20220306092055980675.gif（青，即“倩”的省略，美丽、漂亮），表示水体透澈漂亮。有的金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/3/6/20220306092115859109.gif将“青”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/3/6/20220306092055980675.gif写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020535279548.png。有的金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/3/6/20220306092127305393.gif将“青”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/3/6/20220306092055980675.gif写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/3/6/20220306092201675109.gif。篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/3/6/20220306092136111815.gif将金文字形中的“青”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/3/6/20220306092201675109.gif写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/3/6/20220306092209576455.gif。造字本义：形容词，水无杂滓，澄澈明丽。隶化后楷书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/3/6/20220306092017160009.gif将篆文字形中的“水”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/3/5/20220305072831830523.gif写成“三点水”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020535681456.png，将篆文字形中的“青”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/3/6/20220306092209576455.gif写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/3/6/20220306092024212110.gif。丽水为“清”，丽日为“晴”；美目为“睛”，美意为“情”；好话为“请”，好米为“精”。
8. 净：“浄”和“靜”是“瀞”的异体字；而“净”是“浄”的异体字。清，既是声旁也是形旁，表示纯洁、无污染。瀞，金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/3/12/20200312015813905154.gifhttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020440166548.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/3/12/20200312020051119094.gif（清，纯洁、无污染）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020440129615.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/3/12/20200312020100748917.gif（争，极力实现），表示极力使之纯洁、无污染。篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/3/12/20200312020111512392.gif将金文字形中的“静”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/3/12/20200312020237281868.gif写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/3/12/20200312020401992213.gif。篆文异体字“淨”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/3/12/20200312091842651602.gif省去“水”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/3/12/20200312092136257451.gif。隶化后楷书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/3/12/20200312092049459938.gif将篆文字形中的“水”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/3/12/20200312092136257451.gif写成“三点水”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/3/12/20200312092059413211.gif，将篆文字形中的“爭”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/3/12/20200312092119251825.gif写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/3/12/20200312092128364623.gif。简体字“浄”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/3/12/20200312092222936413.gif将“爭”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/3/12/20200312092128364623.gif简化为“争”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/3/12/20200312092247766789.gif。楷书异体字“净”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020304902238.png用“两点水”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020304147703.png代替“三点水”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/3/12/20200312092059413211.gif。造字本义：动词，清除污染，使之纯洁。“静”与“净”近义，古籍中常通用。古籍多以“浄”代替“净”。《汉字简化方案》用“净”代替合并“浄”。
9. 专：“專”（专）是“轉”（转）的本字。專（专），甲骨文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101024129397513.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101024129514510.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101024129309391.png（缠绕着丝线的纱锤与转轮，https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101024129513220.png表示线结）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101024129995787.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101024129626253.png（双手，抓持），表示转动纱轮。有的甲骨文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101024129494402.png简化纱轮形象，并将双手https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101024129626253.png简化成一只手https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101024129972485.png。有的甲骨文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101024129183396.png在纱轮形象https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101024129724020.png上加一圆圈https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101024129824765.png，强调纱轮的“圆圈”形状。金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101024129295470.png将甲骨文字形中的“又”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101024129279533.png写成“寸”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101024129766944.png。篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101024129491066.png承续金文字形。造字本义：动词，手转纱轮纺纱。隶化后，楷书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101024129855838.png将篆文字形中的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101024129695460.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101024129436726.png，将篆文字形中的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101024129113817.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101024129692753.png。《汉字简化方案》中的简体楷书“专”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101024129276663.png，依据草书字形https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101024129761610.png，将正体楷书“專”整体简化成“专”。当“專”的“转动纱轮”本义消失后，再加“車”另造“轉”（转）代替。
10. 咎：“https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/12/15/20221215033218431651.gif”是“https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/12/15/20221215033235862990.gif”的本字；而“咎”是“https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/12/15/20221215033235862990.gif”的异体字。https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/12/15/20221215033218431651.gif，甲骨文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105849160960.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105849571109.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105849550694.png（倒写的“止”，践踏）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105849107461.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105849166551.png（尸，死者），表示踏尸泄愤。繁体甲骨文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105849946551.png加“口”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/12/15/20221215035127960386.gif（说话）写成“https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/12/15/20221215033235862990.gif”，强调“谴责、咒骂”的含义。金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105849566677.png将甲骨文字形中的“止”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105849458604.png写成双“止”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105849143130.png，强调“践踏”的含义。篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105849598298.png承续繁体甲骨文字形“https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105849869328.png”。隶化后楷书“咎”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105849811454.png将篆文字形中的“各”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105849526606.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105849219573.png，将篆文字形中的“人”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105849338159.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105849934120.png，并将篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105849598298.png左“各”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105849526606.png、右“人”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105849338159.png的左右结构，调整成上“处”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105849262168.png、下“口”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105849139880.png上下结构的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105849811454.png。造字本义：动词，远古时代祛灾祭祀仪式中，对招灾人的尸体践踏咒骂，以示对神灵的谢罪。
11. 禁：禁，篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105806861597.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105806317336.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105806518250.png（林，林野、苑囿）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105806391978.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105806670981.png（示，使看得清楚、警示），表示警告不可砍伐、狩猎。造字本义：动词，出于对皇家苑囿或特殊林园的保护，而戒阻砍伐或行猎。隶化后楷书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105806751179.png将篆文字形中的“林”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105806518250.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105806590228.png，将篆文字形中的“示”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105806670981.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105806139859.png。
12. 淫：“淫”是“霪”的本字。㸒，既是声旁也是形旁，是“婬”的本字，表示帝王在宫廷中与众多宫女放纵性爱，寻欢无度。淫，篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/11/12/20221112113645681730.gifhttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105000733642.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/11/12/20221112113654450550.gif（水，雨水）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105000378330.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/11/12/20221112113700791827.gif（㸒，即“婬”，放纵性欲），表示降雨放纵，即雨天连绵不断。造字本义：动词，降雨过度，雨天连绵不尽。隶化后楷书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020710931410.png将篆文字形中的“水”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/11/12/20221112113654450550.gif写成“三点水”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020710817639.png，将篆文字形中的“㸒”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/11/12/20221112113700791827.gif写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020710330107.png。由于字形字义相近、字音相同，古籍常假借“淫”（降雨过度）代替“婬”（性欲过度）。由于字形字义相近、字音相同，古籍常假借“淫”（降雨过度）代替“婬”（纵欲过度）。当“淫”被习惯性假借代替“婬”后，俗体楷书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101015300799677.png再加“雨”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101015300139532.png另造“霪”代替，强调久雨不停。古籍多假借“淫”代替“婬”和“霪”。
13. 式：式，籀文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104546770964.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104546567785.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104546823810.png（弋，干，武器）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104546653724.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104546818574.png（工，生产、劳动器具），表示武器或工具。古代的先民们生活的主要内容是劳动、打仗，因此劳动工具与武器的使用方法至关重要。篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104547838076.png将籀文字形中的“工”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104546818574.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2023/2/5/20230205010429763019.gif。承续籀文字形。造字本义：名词，工具、武器的使用套路。隶书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104547489821.png将篆文字形中的“弋”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104547353567.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104547371089.png。
14.顺：川，既是声旁也是形旁，表示水流。順，甲骨文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/9/15/20210915125444832971.gifhttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105155402416.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/9/15/20210915125453413017.gif（川，水流）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105155991203.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/9/15/20210915125459822593.gif（見，即“頁”的简写，头脑，借代思虑），表示思绪舒畅如流。金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/9/15/20210915125509608270.gif承续甲骨文字形。金文异体字https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/9/15/20210915125517343303.gif用“心”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/9/15/20210915125526643189.gif代替“頁”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/9/15/20210915125459822593.gif，表示心情舒畅。篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/9/15/20210915125535599982.gif将金文字形中的“頁”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/9/15/20210915125751298238.gif写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/9/15/20210915125719354961.gif。造字本义：形容词，心情舒畅如流，没有郁结。隶化后楷书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/9/15/20210915125654102211.gif将篆文字形中的“川”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/9/15/20210915125710849334.gif写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/9/15/20210915125629620873.gif，将篆文字形中的“頁”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/9/15/20210915125719354961.gif写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/9/15/20210915125637754698.gif。《汉字简化方案》中的简体楷书“顺”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105155347507.png，依据类推简化规则，将正体楷书字形中的“頁”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/9/15/20210915125637754698.gif简化成“页”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105155859597.png。
15.平：“平”与“乎”同源。乎，https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101022044975879.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/2/13/20200213104030910842.gifhttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101022044737732.png（于，号角）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/2/13/20200213104036165925.gifhttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101022044797475.png（向上的“气”、或发出的响声），表示号角吹得紧急、响亮，表示危机来临，部落紧急“呼叫”。平，金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/2/14/20200214042530168077.gif是指事字，字形在“乎”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/2/14/20200214042612384220.gif（吹号示警，招集部落）顶部加一横指事符号https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/2/14/20200214042621868112.gif，表示号音悠长、稳定，无起伏，以此号音代表部落安全无事，安定众民。简体金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/2/14/20200214043515603500.gif将“气”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/2/14/20200214043616369445.gif和“于”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/2/14/20200214043622700203.gif构成的“乎”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/2/14/20200214042612384220.gif，连写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/2/14/20200214043605915409.gif。篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/2/14/20200214043105649297.gif将金文字形中的“乎”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/2/14/20200214042612384220.gif写成“兮”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/2/14/20200214043244821348.gif。造字本义：动词，号音稳定悠长，没有起伏变化，表示警情安定。隶书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/2/14/20200214043441391384.gif承续简体金文字形。号角吹不出任何声音叫“亏”（表示完全缺乏中气）；号角吹得“嘘嘘”无力叫“兮”；号角高亢并紧急叫“乎”（“呼”，部落紧急招集的号角）；号吹得音调悠长、稳定、没有起伏变化叫“平”（号音平直，表示平安无事，没有警情）。
16. 整：正，既是声旁也是形旁，是“征”的本字，表示出兵讨伐不义之地。整，金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/4/20200104121409436738.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104646536072.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/4/20200104121409216816.png（束，捆绑、约束）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104646535409.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/4/20200104121409638846.png（攴，攻击、惩罚）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104646535409.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/4/20200104121409843645.png（正，对的，合理合法的），表示强力纠正。篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104646413262.png将金文的左右结构调整成上下结构。造字本义：动词，强制管理，使之正当。隶化后楷书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104646754552.png将篆文字形中的“束”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104646335973.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104646277494.png，将篆文字形中的“攴”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104646745502.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104646758036.png，将篆文字形中的“正”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104646821964.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104646567347.png。
17.图：“図”是“圖”的异体字。圖，金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111124748934.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111124529920.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111124782568.png（囗，四境边界）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111124357167.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111124667097.png（啚，即“鄙”的本字，边远乡村），表示边疆边界。有的金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111124226545.png将“啚”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111124667097.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111124810438.png。篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111124388271.png则将金文字形中的“啚”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111124810438.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111124686473.png。造字本义：名词，古代在皮、绢等材料上标画城邦乡邑及边界的示意资料。隶书“圖”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111124384488.png以纵横交错的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111124736685.png代替篆文字形中的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111124686473.png，表示不同行政区的分界。隶化后楷书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111124332669.png将篆文字形中的“啚”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111124686473.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111124365730.png。《汉字简化方案》中的简体楷书“图”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111124544200.png，依据草书字形https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/2/9/20200209124352174025.gif，将正体楷书的“啚”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111124365730.png简化成“冬”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111124990647.png。楷书异体字“図”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/2/8/20200208125337251994.gif依据草书字形https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/2/9/20200209124352174025.gif，将“啚”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111124365730.png的草写字形https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/2/9/20200209124601548599.gif简化成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/2/8/20200208125347603938.gif。古籍多以“圖（图）”代替“図”。
【翻译】
《军谶》说：“贤能的人所去往的地方、所带的军队，是没有敌人能够战胜的。”所以士兵贤能之人的培养，要从基层干起来，不能好大喜功、不可骄纵；主将要有勇敢无畏的革命乐观主义精神，不能在军队里总是显示忧愁，容易军心不稳；主将的智谋要源深，不能犹疑、模棱两可。士兵骄纵妄为，那么军令的下达和执行就不顺畅；主将总是展示忧愁畏缩，主将和士兵们内部无法上下一心、无法拧成一股绳神威贯通，对外就无法互相信诺，无法立事立功；主将智谋犹疑，就容易被敌人抓住一切可趁之机利用。就像这样去攻打敌国一定会导致战乱失败。所谓主将，是护国命脉。主将能克敌制胜，那么国家就安定。
《军谶》说：“主将能清廉，能静心；能平稳公道地治军，能肃军整顿；能接受谏言积极改正，能听进冤屈是非；能知人用人容人，能采纳别人合理的言辞；能深刻广泛地掌握国家的国情民俗，能基于实际考察而制图城邦乡邑及边界；能洞察、拿捏住战场险地以及战机要害，能管制住军权军威使军队士力日新。”所以说，仁贤的智慧，圣明的谋虑，普通老百姓、基层士兵们说的话，庙堂上的大政方针，国家兴衰之事，主将全都要所有听闻，有所涉猎。 做主将的，要求贤若渴，礼待谋士，主将和谋士的策略才能说到一块儿去，相随而行。主将如果拒绝谏言，那么俊杰豪雄就会散去；策略无法一致，那么谋士就会叛主；善恶不分明，那么有功的臣子就会倦怠；主将独断专行，下面的人就会把过错归咎于主将；主将揽工在自己身上，那么下面的人功劳就会少，没有攻敌的冲劲；主将听信谗言，那么军队众人就会离心，无法团结；主将贪财吝啬，那么奸人就会利用这点去满足自己的私心私利，无法禁绝；主将只顾满足自己内心的好恶喜欲，那么士兵们就会过度考虑自己的安危而无法为了全军、全国的利益勇往直前。主将有以上一条，那么军队众人不服气他的领导；有两条，那么军无军纪；有三条，那么下面的人就会奔北当逃兵；有四条，灾祸会蔓延到国家。
第二周 第三天
2023.2.28【原文】
《军谶》曰：“将谋欲密，士众欲一，攻敌欲疾。”将谋密，则奸心闭；士众一，则军心结；攻敌疾，则备不及设。军有此三者，则计不夺。将谋泄，则军无势；外窥内，则祸不制；财入营，则众奸会。将有此三者，军必败。将无虑，则谋士去；将无勇，则吏士恐；将妄动，则军不重。将迁怒，则一军惧。
《军谶》曰：“虑也，勇也，将之所重；动也，怒也，将之所用。”此四者，将之明诫也。
《军谶》曰：“军无财，士不来；军无赏，士不往。”
《军谶》曰：“香饵之下，必有悬鱼；重赏之下，必有死夫。”
故礼者，士之所归；赏者，士之所死。招其所归，示其所死，则求者至。故礼而后悔者士不止；赏而后悔者士不使。礼赏不倦，则士争死。（第十天）
【查字】
1. 密：宓，既是声旁也是形旁，表示无战争动荡的、太平安定的。密，金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020157475942.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020157849694.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020157790753.png（宓，无战争动荡的、太平安定的）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020157328800.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020157719092.png（山，深岰），表示没有战乱之忧的、太平安定的山岰。远古时代追求和平的人们，为逃避战乱而避隐与世隔绝的大山深岰。有的金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020157790625.png将戈戟堆https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020157545945.png写成“二”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020157106779.png和“戈”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020157565792.png组成的“二戈”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020157102971.png。篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020157229468.png误将金文字形中的“二戈”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020157102971.png写成“必”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020157787575.png，导致本义线索消失。造字本义：名词，与外界俗世隔绝、无战乱之忧的大山深岰。隶化后楷书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020157888380.png将篆文字形中的“宓”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020157288178.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020157275486.png，将篆文字形中的“山”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020157102505.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020157467809.png。
2. 一：一，甲骨文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111132938447.png是特殊指事字，抽象符号“一”既代表最为原始简单的起源，也代表最为丰富的浑沌整体。道家鼻主老子认为，“道立于一，一生二，二生三，三生万物”。就是说，混沌太初的存在整体是“一”；然后由太初混沌的“一”，分出天地“二”极；天地二极之间，又生出人这第“三”部分；天地人三者，衍化出宇宙万物。金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111132984654.png、篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111132818567.png承续甲骨文字形。造字本义：数词，最小原始单位，最小的正整数。远古中国的数字哲学，充满了朴素鸿蒙的宇宙和地球起源想象：一，代表混沌太初的整体；二，上面的一横代表“天”，下面的一横代表“地”；三，上下两横代表“天地”，中间的一横代表“人”。
3. 疾：矢，既是声旁也是形旁，表示箭只。疾，甲骨文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105846458333.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105846188999.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105846899405.png（大，人）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105846230603.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105846146463.png（矢，箭），像一个人被箭矢射中。金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105846438833.png承续甲骨文字形。有的金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105846646095.png省去“人”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105846899405.png、加“疒”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105846266765.png（病床），表示因中箭受伤而卧床疗养。籀文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105846308876.png误将金文字形中的床形https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105846266765.png写成船形https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105846482909.png。篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105846791966.png承续金文字形。造字本义：动词，中箭受伤，卧床休养。隶化后楷书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105846496101.png将篆文字形中的“疒”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105846933409.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105846510881.png，将篆文字形中的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105846359301.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105846581935.png。古人称外伤为“疾”；称内患为“病”。
4. 奸：干，既是声旁也是形旁，表示武器。奸，金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104935994319.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104935824735.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104935760720.png（干，武器，代表侵略）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104935760663.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104935824694.png（每，妇女），表示入侵者强暴妇女。篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104935491084.png将金文字形中的“每”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104935824694.png写成“女”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104935440192.png，将金文字形中的“干”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104935760720.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104935102623.png。造字本义：动词，入侵者强暴被俘女子。隶书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104935699639.png将篆文字形中的“干”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104935102623.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104935428085.png。隶化后楷书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104935508700.png将篆文字形中的“女”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104935440192.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104935214084.png，将篆文字形中的“干”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104935102623.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104935564790.png。楷书异体字将“奸”写成“姧”。《汉字简化方案》用“奸”合并含义相近的“姦”。
5. 闭：閉，金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105816136285.png是指事字，在门栓“闩”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105816148862.png上加上一竖指事符号https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105816808861.png，表示在门栓和地面之间斜支一根木棍，构成牢固的三角支撑，防止暴力从门外强撞。篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105816203594.png误将金文字形中的“十”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105816417304.png写成“才”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105816374251.png。造字本义：动词，在门栓和地面之间斜支木棍，构成三角支撑，防止暴力从门外强行撞门。隶化后楷书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105816688803.png将篆文字形中的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105816280633.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105816476479.png，将篆文字形中的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105816374251.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105816964207.png。简体楷书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105816188670.png误将正体楷书字形中的“才”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105816964207.png写成“下”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105816615109.png。《汉字简化方案》中的简体楷书“闭”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105816817418.png，依据类推简化规则，将正体楷书字形中的“門”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105816476479.png简化成“门”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105816454254.png。“關”（关）表示拉上门栓，拒绝出入；“閉”（闭）表示不仅栓门，而且在门栓上增加三角支撑，以防暴力从门外强行撞门，“閉”（闭）是更彻底的“關”（关）。
6. 结：吉，既是声旁也是形旁，表示喜庆。結，篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/5/1/20210501031118417297.gifhttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105145565223.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/5/1/20210501031128622726.gif（糸，绸带）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105145319887.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/5/1/20210501031136218039.gif（吉，喜庆），表示喜庆的红绸带。造字本义：动词，古代婚庆仪式上，新郎用一根红绸带拉着新娘入洞房，红绸带中间穿成死疙瘩，象征彼此姻缘已牢固联接，不可分解。隶化后楷书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/5/1/20210501031146633433.gif将篆文字形中的“糸”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/5/1/20210501031128622726.gif写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/5/1/20210501031201413411.gif。《汉字简化方案》中的简体楷书“结”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105145326329.png，依据类推简化规则，将正体楷书字形中的“糹”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/5/1/20210501031201413411.gif简化成“纟”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105145671888.png。
7. 设：設，金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/4/1/20200401055117626385.gifhttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023520389200.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/4/1/20200401055124386105.gif（言，商议、谋划）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023520748644.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/4/1/20200401055133228660.gif（“役”的简写，战斗、作战），表示谋划作战。篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/4/1/20200401055152899408.gif将金文字形中的“言”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/4/1/20200401055124386105.gif写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/4/1/20200401055249988010.gif，将金文字形中的“役”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/4/1/20200401055133228660.gif写成“殳”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/4/1/20200401055256477640.gif。造字本义：动词，布署兵力，指挥战斗。隶化后楷书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/4/1/20200401055305151733.gif将篆文字形中的“言”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/4/1/20200401055249988010.gif写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/4/1/20200401055315635256.gif，将篆文字形中的“殳”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/4/1/20200401055256477640.gif写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/4/1/20200401055346260114.gif。《汉字简化方案》中的简体楷书“设”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023520164948.png，依据类推简化规则，将正体楷书字形中的“言”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/4/1/20200401055315635256.gif简化成“讠”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023520708860.png。
8. 夺：雀，既是声旁也是形旁，表示小鸟。奪，金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104514291402.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104514822261.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104514159793.png（衣）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104514600124.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104514709502.png（雀，小鸟）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104514600124.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104514983619.png（又，抓抢），表示抓抢用衣物捕获的鸟雀。在人与自然和谐的远古时代，鸟类对人类的警惕性低，容易徒手捕捉，因此古人用衣服就可以在田野或草丛捕捉小鸟。篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104514209650.png误将金文字形中的“衣”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104514159793.png写成“大”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104514759486.png，误将篆文字形中的“雀”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104514709502.png写成“隹”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104514381665.png。造字本义：动词，争抢捕捉到的鸟雀。隶化后楷书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104514302230.png将篆文字形中的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104514759486.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104514793356.png，将篆文字形中的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104514381665.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104514247251.png，将篆文字形中的“又”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104514315789.png写成“寸”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104514698593.png。《汉字简化方案》中的简体楷书“夺”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104514923518.png，省去正体楷书字形中的“隹”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104514247251.png。
9. 泄：世，既是声旁也是形旁，是“卅”的异体字，表示三十，即数量巨大。泄，篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/10/21/20201021065517226922.gifhttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020704514566.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/10/21/20201021065526603372.gif（水，积水）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020704532928.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/10/21/20201021065535249632.gif（丗，即“卅”，三十），表示大量排水。造字本义：动词，快速、大量地排水。隶书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020704311326.png将篆文字形中的“水”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/10/21/20201021065526603372.gif写成“三点水”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020704848237.png；将篆文字形中的“世”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/10/21/20201021065535249632.gif写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020704974869.png。
10. 势：埶（艺yì），疑为“執”（执zhí）的变形，既是声旁也是形旁，表示拘捕罪犯。勢，篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101024137751879.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101024137894528.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101024137869689.png（埶，疑为“執”的误写，拘捕）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101024137457039.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101024137407677.png（力，强力），表示强力拘捕。造字本义：动词，强力押解犯人。隶书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101024137918060.png将篆文字形中的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101024137869689.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101024137467501.png，将篆文字形中的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101024137407677.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101024137389160.png。《汉字简化方案》中的简体楷书“势”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101024137679243.png，依据类推简化规则，将正体楷书字形中的“埶”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101024137198124.png简写成“执”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101024137236364.png。
11. 制：制，甲骨文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104654754955.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104654683604.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104654579239.png（木，树）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104654651566.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104654222263.png（刀，刀剪），表示用刀具修剪树木的枝叶。金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104654317395.png字形中的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104654904059.png表示树木的根须旺盛，需要修剪；字形中的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104654514115.png表示刀剪https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104654236946.png之间的枝叶碎屑https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104654791485.png。有的金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104654363748.png用“未”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104654631289.png代替https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104654904059.png，表示树木的枝梢太旺盛，需要修剪。古人发现，如果果树的枝叶太茂盛，就会过多消耗树木所获得的养分，以至于缺少足够的能量用于开花结果。籀文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104654499551.png在繁茂的枝叶“未”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104654236292.png与修剪工具“刀”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104654462279.png之间加“彡”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104654497990.png（碎屑），表示用刀具剪下部分枝叶。篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104654240923.png承续金文字形。造字本义：为了让果树结出更好更多的果子，用刀具修剪果树的新梢，减省营养浪费。隶化后楷书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104654787104.png误将篆文字形中的“未”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104654419824.png写成不知所云的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104654999448.png，将篆文字形中的“刀”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104654764421.png写成“立刀旁”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104654131659.png。
12. 重：東，既是声旁也是形旁，表示行囊。重，甲骨文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105729356425.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105729965062.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105729469603.png（人，旅者）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105729514339.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105729655394.png（束，是“東”的简写，行囊），表示旅人背负行囊旅行。有的甲骨文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105729410133.png将左右结构写成混合结构，像行囊https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105729438520.png落在了旅人https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105729838636.png的脚跟位置，强调脚跟所感受到的行囊的下沉份量。金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105729616693.png画出了旅人https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105729264025.png和行囊https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105729160153.png之间的背带https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105729670461.png，画出了脚板https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105729598655.png，强调行囊对脚板的作用力。金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105729721125.png基本承续金文字形https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105729410133.png。有的金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105729665909.png加“土”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105729995160.png，表示背负装土的筐子，双脚感受到的负担大。篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105729704796.png承续金文字形。造字本义：动词，肩扛背驮的沉甸甸的行囊远行。隶化后楷书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105729485354.png将篆文字形中“人”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105729428082.png和“東”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105729591873.png构成的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105729523001.png简化成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105729967324.png，将篆文字形中的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105729458198.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105729525744.png，导致“人”形消失、“東”形消失。
13. 诫：戒，既是声旁也是形旁，表示警惕。誡，篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023241174775.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023241975972.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023241834135.png（言，说）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023241904004.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023241439448.png（戒，警惕），表示警告、使之警惕。造字本义：动词，警告，使觉察。隶化后楷书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023241370207.png将篆文字形中的“言”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023241834135.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023241616000.png，将篆文字形中的“戒”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023241439448.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023241790712.png。《汉字简化方案》中的简体楷书“诫”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023241443885.png，依据类推简化规则，将正体楷书字形中的“言”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023241616000.png简化成“讠”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023241358631.png。
14. 归：歸，甲骨文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104927276753.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104927752296.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104927194280.png（https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104927908947.png，兵符，代表中央朝廷授权的军政权力）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104927898474.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104927307061.png（方，方国、边境势力），表示边境方国依附中央，获得中央的军政授权。繁体甲骨文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104927504029.png将“方”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104927307061.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104927990733.png，并加“止”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104927293013.png（即“趾”的本字，前行），表示顺服并前往中央受权。有的甲骨文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104927580185.png将“止”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104927293013.png写成似“爪”又似“帚”的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104927755160.png。有的甲骨文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104927408486.png误将本为“止”的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104927755160.png与“方”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104927997694.png所组成的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104927287765.png，混写成了“帚”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104927275625.png。金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104927840889.png承续甲骨文字形。有的金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104927360308.png加“行”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104927155249.png，表示与中央朝廷保持来往。有的金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104927349053.png加“口”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104927823886.png（讲和），表示讲和调停。有的金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104927333814.png加“辵”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104927577160.png（行进）。篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104927701075.png误将金文字形中的兵符“https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104927908947.png”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104927647913.png和“行”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104927286033.png的上半部，合写成“https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104927716016.png”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104927760376.png。造字本义：动词，边境方国顺服中央朝廷，获得军政授权。隶化后楷书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104927200686.png将篆文字形中的“https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104927716016.png”和“止”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104927129390.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104927547360.png，将篆文字形中的“帚”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104927925672.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104927824826.png。楷书异体字https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104927425193.png将正体楷书字形中的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104927547360.png略写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104927504972.png，“止”字被省略成一横。《汉字简化方案》中的简体楷书“归”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104927135239.png，依据草书字形https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104927873688.png整体简化，将正体楷书字形中的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104927547360.png简化成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104927523708.png，将正体楷书字形中的“帚”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104927824826.png简化成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104927187977.png。
15. 欲：“慾”是“欲”的异体字。谷，既是声旁也是形旁，表示两座山岭之间高深空阔的沟壑。欲，金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101022849730471.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101022849826458.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101022849404874.png（谷，高深空阔的沟壑）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101022849562936.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101022849668031.png（心，心中需求），表示内心的贪求如谷如壑。有的金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101022849423263.png以“人”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101022849240336.png代“心”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101022849668031.png。 篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101022849403993.png用“欠”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101022849782641.png（叹气、不满）代替金文字形中的“心”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101022849668031.png，表示感叹不满足。造字本义：名词，如深谷大壑一样永远填不满的贪求心念。隶书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101022849861522.png将篆文字形中的“谷”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101022849656943.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101022849336793.png，将篆文字形中的“欠”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101022849782641.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101022849842834.png。楷书异体字“慾”加“心”，强调“心念”含义。古籍多以“欲”代替“慾”。
【翻译】
《军谶》说：“主将谋虑愈加保密，士兵凝聚力愈加合一，攻打敌人就会愈加迅疾。” 主将的谋略保密，那么奸人的心思就被关闭、实施不了；士兵万众一心打胜仗，那么军队心志就凝结一致；攻打敌人非常迅疾，那么敌人准备的就无法致胜，防不胜防。军队具备这三种品质，那么不管敌人用什么计策，都无法争夺下来。主将的谋略被泄密，那么军队没有克敌制胜的势利，进攻无效；让外面的敌人窥探到我方的军机密要，我方无法把控住风险和后果；通过钱财进入军营收买情报信息，那么内外的奸人就会呼应上狼狈为奸。主将让这三种情形出现、发生了，军队必定打败仗。主将没有谋略才智，那么谋士就会离开，另择他人效力；主将贪生怕死，无勇，那么官兵和士兵都会恐慌不定；主将随意妄为、动作没有章法，那么军队打仗也会轻率。主将把过错迁怒于他人，军队人人自危，全军恐惧不安。”
《军谶》说：“谋略，勇气，是主将很重要的品质；鼓动（全军投入战斗的影响力），怒气，是主将所使用的调动士气的方法。”这四个，是主将要时刻告诫自己的。
《军谶》说：“如果军队没有钱财，待遇不好，士兵不会来参军；军队没有赏功机制，士兵不会一往无前去投入战斗。”
《军谶》说：“美味的饵料之下，必定有鱼上钩；厚重的奖赏之下，必定有悍不畏死的士兵。”所以礼是将士们愿意参军投入战斗的动力；立功行赏的机制，是将士们愿意奋勇杀敌的动力。用“为家国天下而战”招徕将士们归入军队，公示立功行赏的收获，那么参军的人就会争相到来。所以许诺了礼待和优厚的待遇又反悔，就不会有士兵留下来；行赏之后又后悔的，士兵不愿意违为你拼命往前冲。礼遇和赏功不停歇，那么将士们就是视死如归，冲在最前线攻打敌人。
2023.3.1第二周第四天
【原文】
《军谶》曰：“兴师之国，务先隆恩；攻取之国，务先养民。”以寡胜众者，恩也。以弱胜强者民也。故良将之养士，不易于身；故能使三军如一心，则其胜可全。
《军谶》曰：“用兵之要，必先察敌情：视其仓库，度其粮食，卜其强弱，察其天地，伺其空隙。”故国无军旅之难而运粮者，虚也；民菜色者，穷也。千里馈粮，民有饥色；樵苏后爨，师不宿饱。夫运粮百里，无一年之食；二百里，无二年之食；三百里，无三年之食，是国虚。国虚，则民贫；民贫，则上下不亲。敌攻其外，民盗其内，是谓必溃。（第十一天）
【查字】
1. 兴：興，甲骨文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023927387686.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023927333490.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023927293931.png（不同方向的四只手）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023927952230.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023927933559.png（凡，多柄夯具）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023927952230.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023927266190.png（口，劳动号子），表示众人和着号子一齐举起多柄夯具夯地。有的甲骨文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023927334755.png将夯具“凡”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023927933559.png写成“井”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023927321533.png，突出沉重夯具的多柄特征。金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023927531039.png承续甲骨文字形。篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023927257983.png将金文字形中的夯具“凡”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023927554174.png和“口”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023927293371.png合写成“同”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023927759710.png。造字本义：动词，众人喊着号子一齐使劲，用多柄夯地桩夯地。隶书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023927867242.png将篆文字形中下部的两只手“廾”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023927768684.png连写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023927302206.png。《汉字简化方案》中的简体楷书“兴”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023927289359.png，依据类推简化规则，将正体楷书字形中上部的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023927982669.png简化成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023927365283.png。2. 隆：隆，篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020016586295.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020016951402.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020016993641.png（降，下沉）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020016248831.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020016318363.png（生，从地下长出来），表示地面有降有升。造字本义：动词，山地降中有升，即因为雨水冲刷作用或地理运动作用，部分土地在下沉过程中造成四周或邻近的大面积土地抬升、突起，形成壮观的圆形或环形峰面。隶书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020016765115.png将篆文字形中的“降”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020016993641.png简写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020016621567.png；将篆文字形中的“生”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020016318363.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020016870056.png。
3. 恩：因，既是声旁也是形旁，表示依靠。恩，金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105205239197.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105205412259.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105205153450.png（因，依靠）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105205208439.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105205702357.png（心，感激），表示感激依靠。篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105205224731.png将金文字形中的“心”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105205702357.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105205633065.png。造字本义：名词，内心所感激的借以渡过难关的外来帮助。隶化后楷书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/2/19/20200219102427340816.gif将篆文字形中的“因”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/2/19/20200219111619178882.gif写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/2/19/20200219111337973902.gif，将篆文字形中的“心”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105205633065.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/2/19/20200219111346529433.gif。
4. 养：“䍩”和“養”是“𢼝”的异体字。羊，既是声旁也是形旁，表示两角弯曲、性情温顺的食草动物。𢼝，甲骨文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/11/17/20211117074355254422.gifhttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101021609529412.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/11/17/20211117074403589753.gif（羊，两角弯曲、性情温顺的食草动物）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101021609911145.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/11/17/20211117074412700951.gif（攴，持械打击），表示手持鞭子在山地驱赶羊群。甲骨文异体字https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/11/17/20211117074438778236.gif将“羊”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/11/17/20211117074403589753.gif写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/11/17/20211117074659253599.gif，并用“行”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/11/17/20211117074707850783.gif（行进）代替“攴”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/11/17/20211117074412700951.gif（挥鞭驱赶），表示驱羊出门放牧。金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/11/17/20211117074725659457.gif承续甲骨文字形。籀文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/11/17/20211117074848499503.gif将金文字形中的“羊”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/11/17/20211117074809889861.gif写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/11/17/20211117074903233053.gif，将金文字形中的“攴”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/11/17/20211117074823891367.gif写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/11/17/20211117074912406325.gif。篆文异体字“飬”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/11/17/20211117074925997050.gif将籀文的左右结构调整成上下结构，并用“食”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/11/17/20211117075104159258.gif（喂饲料）代替籀文字形中的“攴”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/11/17/20211117074912406325.gif（挥鞭驱赶），表示以圈羊喂草代替户外放牧。造字本义：动词，牧羊或圈羊喂草。隶化后楷书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/11/17/20211117075155678245.gif将篆文字形中的“羊”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/11/17/20211117075210343684.gif写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/11/17/20211117075238428095.gif，将篆文字形中的“食”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/11/17/20211117075104159258.gif写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/11/17/20211117075255246581.gif。《汉字简化方案》中的简体楷书“养”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101021609559153.png，依据狂草字形https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101021609786850.png中“食”字下部的“良”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101021609735770.png，将正体楷书字形中的“良”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101021609221329.png局部简化成两点https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101021609431825.png，将正体楷书字形中的“食”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/11/17/20211117075255246581.gif简化成“介”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101021609719749.png。古籍多以“養”代替“𢼝”和“䍩”。古代称放牛为“牧”，称放羊为“养”。后来“养”专指圈喂家畜家禽。
5. 易：“易”是“锡”的本字。易，甲骨文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105146471578.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105146307625.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105146667607.png（像正在被灌注液体的器皿）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105146886590.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105146281535.png（像正在灌液体的器皿），字形像将一个有抓柄的器皿https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105146910204.png中的液体，倒入https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105146690365.png另一个没有抓柄的器皿https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105146521638.png中。简体甲骨文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105146481081.png将带握柄的器皿https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105146910204.png简写成勺具形状https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105146369635.png，将倾注的液体形状https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105146690365.png简写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105146208328.png，表示用勺具将金属熔液浇铸到器皿坯模中。锡的熔点低，是铸器的好材料，古人发现“熔锡铸器”，好操作，不费事，遂以铸锡为易。金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105146787710.png像一个有手把的盛器https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105146877406.png里装着锡液https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105146603038.png（水），字形进一步简化。有的金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105146120148.png将盛器形状https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105146877406.png简化成了不知所云的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105146598842.png，并误将抓柄形状https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105146283193.png写成了似“日”非“日”的形状https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105146569474.png。篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105146664949.png则将金文字形https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105146120148.png中模糊不清的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105146569474.png写成明确的“日”形https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105146844515.png，至此“易”的字形中，器皿、手把、熔液等形象特征消失，以致篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105146664949.png、隶书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105146466636.png字形费解。造字本义：动词，将容器中低熔点的锡注入模具，铸造新器皿。当“易”的本义“低熔点金属”本义消失后，篆文再加“金”另造“锡”代替。古籍中常“贸易”并用，表示商品交换，贸，表示以货币为中介进行商品买卖交易，可以有中转，买卖行为往往不同步，交易双方承担一定程度不可控的利益风险；易，表示双方面对面交换货物，各得目标商品，期间没有中转，交易行为同步，全程简单、直接，可控、踏实；现代汉语中“贸易”偏指“贸”。
6. 卜：卜，甲骨文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105808297377.png、https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105808589052.png是象形字，字形像树杈。金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105808518924.png、篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105808386911.png基本承续甲骨文字形。造字本义：名词，巫师作为降神道具的“神杖”。隶化后楷书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105808657123.png继承篆文字形。
7. 伺：“覗”是“伺”的异体字；“𥄶”是“覗”的异体字。司，既是声旁也是形旁，表示发号施令、主持、管理。伺，篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/11/23/20211123112150928376.gifhttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104840783246.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/11/22/20211122024940454027.gif（人，侍从）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104840875290.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/11/23/20211123112205205899.gif（司，发号施令、主持、管理），表示侍从等候在主事者身边，以便随时听从驱使。造字本义：动词，侍从等候在主事者身边，现场观察照顾，随时恭候驱使。隶化后楷书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/11/23/20211123112218912264.gif将篆文字形中的“人”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/11/22/20211122024940454027.gif写成“单人旁”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104840433947.png，将篆文字形中的“司”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/11/23/20211123112205205899.gif写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/11/23/20211123112230704324.gif。 当“伺”引申出动词“监视侦察，以待时机”后，楷书异体字“覗”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/11/24/20211124100140173332.gif用“見”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/11/24/20211124100328503055.gif（看到）代替“人”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104840433947.png（侍从），强调“监视、侦探”的含义。楷书异体字“𥄶”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/11/24/20211124100147339040.gif用“目”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/11/24/20211124100155988184.gif（看）代替“見”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2021/11/24/20211124100328503055.gif（看到）。古籍多以“伺”代替“覗”和“𥄶”。
8. 爨cuàn：爨，篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/9/27/20220927082309916835.gifhttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020907268858.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/9/27/20220927082259778289.gif（双手捧持）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020907270554.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/9/27/20220927082321399572.gif（像饭甑）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020907270554.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/9/27/20220927082331475547.gif（林，柴薪）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020907270554.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/9/27/20220927082341736113.gif（双手持举）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020907270554.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/9/27/20220927082349280645.gif（火，燃烧），表示动手做饭，在锅内放下饭甑，在灶内点燃柴薪。造字本义：动词，放置饭甑，烧火做饭。隶化后楷书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/9/27/20220927100236448569.gif将篆文字形中表示双手持甑的的字形https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/9/27/20220927100259356101.gif写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/9/27/20220927100318136251.gif，将篆文字形中的“林”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/9/27/20220927082331475547.gif写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/9/27/20220927100438484477.gif，将篆文字形中的双手形状https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/9/27/20220927082341736113.gif连写成“大”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/9/27/20220927100501944968.gif，将篆文字形中的“火”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/9/27/20220927082349280645.gif写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/9/27/20220927100542556998.gif。
9.贫：“貧”是“https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/1/13/20220113060506915979.gif”的异体字。https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/1/13/20220113060506915979.gif，籀文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/1/13/20220113060546970604.gifhttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111107331733.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/1/13/20220113060559972582.gif（宀，房屋，借代家产）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111107987247.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/1/13/20220113060613226546.gif（分，将整体切割成若干小单元），表示分割家产。篆文异体字“貧”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/1/13/20220113060749495881.gif用“貝”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/1/13/20220113060810215940.gif（钱财）代替籀文字形中的房屋“宀”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/1/13/20220113060559972582.gif，强调分割财产。造字本义：动词，分割家产。隶化后楷书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/1/13/20220113060904426022.gif将篆文字形中的“分”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/1/13/20220113061010434255.gif写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/1/13/20220113060953547663.gif，将篆文字形中的“貝”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/1/13/20220113060810215940.gif写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/1/13/20220113060938195146.gif。《汉字简化方案》中的简体楷书“贫”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111107496286.png，依据类推简化规则，将正体楷书字形中的“貝”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/1/13/20220113060938195146.gif简化成“贝”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103111107794273.png。古籍多以“貧”代替“https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2022/1/13/20220113060506915979.gif”。古籍常“贫穷”、“贫困”并称——“貧”是缺乏钱财，没有支点，经济不自由；“穷”是没有出路，失去希望，身心不自由；“困”是环境不利，行为被动，人身不自由。
10.亲;辛，既是声旁也是形旁，表示刑罚。親，金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023205608336.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023205543893.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023205633288.png（辛，受刑、受监）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023205764508.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023205903158.png（見，探望），表示探监。篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023205419696.png将金文字形中的“辛”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023205633288.png写成“亲”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023205281942.png，将金文字形中的“見”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023205903158.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023205588040.png。在专制文化深入人心的古代，无论罪名虚实，一个人一旦被官府定罪入狱，就将终身背负耻辱，因此在古人看来，只有被血缘联系着的至近至密者，才可能探监慰问，不离不弃。造字本义：动词，探视狱中受监的家人。隶化后楷书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023205616855.png将篆文字形中的“亲”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023205281942.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023205371455.png，将篆文字形中的“見”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023205588040.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023205337291.png。《汉字简化方案》中的简体楷书“亲”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023205797116.png，省去正体楷书字形中的“見”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023205337291.png。
11.盗：盗，甲骨文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105825959485.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105825776393.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105825577433.png（次，贪欲）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105825410174.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105825181971.png（舟，过河越界），表示因贪越界劫掠。金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105825146721.png加“水”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105825821833.png、加“火”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105825699049.png，并误将甲骨文字形中的“舟”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105825181971.png写成“皿”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105825732370.png。篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105825958197.png省去金文字形中的“火”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105825699049.png，将金文字形中的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105825135417.png简写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105825625216.png，将金文字形中的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105825732370.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105825467648.png。造字本义：动词，出于贪欲，过河越界，劫物掠货。隶化后楷书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105825160409.png将篆文字形中的“水”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105825714378.png简写成“两点水”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105825966796.png；将篆文字形中的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105825625216.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105825472884.png；将篆文字形中的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105825467648.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105825474654.png。
12.溃：貴，既是声旁也是形旁，是“匮”的省略，表示竹筐。潰，篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020647495006.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020647798954.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020647828788.png（水）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020647571205.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020647741588.png（貴，“匮“的省略，竹筐），表示竹筐漏水。造字本义：动词，以筐盛水，水全漏。隶书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020647934398.png将篆文字形中的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020647828788.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020647285062.png；将篆文字形中的“臾”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020647947435.png误写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020647110702.png。《汉字简化方案》中的简体楷书“溃”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020647903753.png，依据类推简化规则，将正体楷书字形中的“貴”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020647101800.png简化成“贵”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101020647307456.png。
二、翻译：《军谶》说：“要想成为军事强国，务必先厚赏立功之人，隆重恩情；打算发动战斗的国家，务必先养民，增长人口并使其富裕。”以少胜多的战斗，是因为将士们承恩厚重，争相立功，士力强劲。以弱胜强的，是因为民望所归，民心所向。所以优良的主将养兵，不必养自己的身体容易；所以能让三军上下一心，就能攻无不克战无不胜。
《军谶》说：“用兵的要点，就是先觉察、把握敌情：看地方的仓库，度量地方的粮食能坚持打仗多久，卜算地方的强项弱项，觉察地方的气候地理特征，等待、抓住对方的漏洞、薄弱的机会进行攻打。”所以国家没有军旅持久战的难处而不断运送粮食，说明军粮仓库虚，不够用；人民一脸菜色，表明百姓贫穷不富裕。如果军队需要向千里之外的地方征集粮食，那么民众交了军粮，就必然吃不饱自己的肚子，就会有饥饿的神色；军队只有就地砍柴打草，然后烧火做饭，吃了上顿保证不了下顿，也吃不饱饭。如果从民众手里征集来的军粮要运送百里去打仗，百姓们一年就吃不饱饭；运粮二百里，百姓们两年吃不饱饭；三百里，百姓们三年吃不饱饭，长此以往，国库空虚。国库空虚，无法投入生产建设，那么百姓就贫穷；百姓贫穷，就会怨恨战争，主君和将帅则会积怨民众不肯交粮，上下不亲。外面敌人在攻占，内部民众行盗，这样的战争必定会溃败。
第二周 第五天
2023.3.2【原文】
《军谶》曰：“上行虐，则下急刻；赋敛重数，刑罚无极，民相残贼；是谓亡国。”
《军谶》曰：“内贪外廉，诈誉取名；窃公为恩，令上下昏；饰躬正颜，以获高官；是谓盗端。”
《军谶》曰：“群吏朋党，各进所亲；招举奸枉，抑挫仁贤；背公立私，同位相讪；是谓乱源。”（第十二天）
一、查字正音
1.虐：虐，甲骨文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023636756776.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023636358186.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023636401215.png（人）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023636670494.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023636640073.png（张着大口的老虎），表示猛虎残噬活人。金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023636599579.png将甲骨文字形中的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023636640073.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023636405708.png，将https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023636401215.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023636822233.png。有的金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023636981527.png将“人”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023636651239.png置于虎头https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023636751333.png与虎爪https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023636641096.png之间，强调虎爪的“残虐”。籀文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023637629985.png则将“人”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023637110127.png置于虎头https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023637747580.png与虎口https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023637176919.png之间，强调猛虎“吞噬”活人。篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023637526745.png字形像“人”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023637337290.png在虎爪https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023637385126.png下。造字本义：动词，猛虎残噬活人。隶化后楷书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023637259169.png省去“人”形https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023637337290.png，并将虎爪https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023637501268.png写成“https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023637650527.png”。虎猎人为https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023636756776.png；兽猎鱼为https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/1/20200101023637306807.png。
附一 文言版《説文解字》：虐，殘也。从虍，虎足反爪人也。data:image/png;base64,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，古文虐如此。
附二 白话版《说文解字》：虐，虎豹残杀猎物。字形采用“虍”作边旁，像虎足扳抓人。data:image/png;base64,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，古文的“虐”如此写法。
2.急：及，既是声旁也是形旁，表示追赶、捉拿人犯。急，金文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104831552103.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104831388609.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104831796489.png（及，抓人）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104831577522.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104831467782.png（心，情绪），表示被人追逼的感觉。篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104831209567.png将金文字形中的“心”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104831467782.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104831155834.png。造字本义：形容词，内心感到被追逼，感到紧张焦虑。隶书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104831775028.png将篆文字形中的https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104831556891.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104831482590.png，将篆文字形中的“心”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104831155834.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103104831776274.png。
附一 文言版《説文解字》：急，褊也。从心，及聲。
附二 白话版《说文解字》：急，偏狭的心态。字形采用“心”作边旁，采用“及”作声旁。
3.刻：亥，既是声旁也是形旁，是“咳”的本字，拟声词，相当于“咯咯”的响声。刻，篆文https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105724483456.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105724763465.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105724835642.png（亥，即“咳”，拟“咯咯”响声）https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105724485187.pnghttps://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105724842949.png（刀，契、刮），表示用刀契、刮的响声。造字本义：动词，用刀具“咯咯”响地刮凿、镂画。隶化后楷书https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105724193924.png将篆文字形中的“亥”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105724835642.png写成https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105724814767.png，将篆文字形中的“https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105724842949.png”写成“立刀旁”https://www.vividict.com/Upload/2020/1/3/20200103105724564084.png。
附一 文言版《説文解字》：刻，鏤也。从刀，亥聲。
附二 白话版《说文解字》：刻，雕镂。字形采用“刀”作边旁，采用“亥”作声旁。
4.极：
二、翻译：《军谶》说：“国家上面施行暴政，那么下面的百姓就会变得急躁严苛；赋税敛征重重叠加，刑罚的人数没有尽头，百姓们为了活命、争夺利益而武力拼杀，劫掠货物；这就是要亡国的样子。” 《军谶》说：“实际上贪腐表面上廉洁，骗取为民为公的好名誉；窃用国家的公权以个人名义施恩给别人，把国家公务变为自己满足私欲的工具，上下执政昏暗、不光明；粉饰自己事必躬亲和忠信正直的样子，以此获取更高的官职。这就是盗借国家公权以谋私利的奸人。”
《军谶》说：“众多官员之间形成不同的党群，各自提拔自己的党羽亲信；招揽举荐奸佞小人，打压仁贤之人；背弃国家大公，背弃百姓，立足私利，同样职责岗位的人互相招呼试探而无法团结一心为民做事。这就是国家混乱的源头。”